HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA: EPIDEMIOLOGY, ETIOLOGY, AND TREATMENT
Section snippets
Pathogenesis
While the incidence of HAP is estimated to be 5 to 10 cases per 1, 000 hospital admissions, this incidence is not uniform, but varies depending upon several factors. The incidence of HAP, as reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC's) National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance, is much less common in community hospitals and among patients residing on obstetric or psychiatric wards than in large tertiary referral centers and among patients residing on medical and surgical
ETIOLOGY
Since S. aureus and GNB are the most commonly recovered pathogens from patients with HAP, the potential spectrum of pathogens is quite broad, and recent studies suggest that in up to one half of mechanically ventilated patients, the etiology of HAP is polymicrobial.19 It is appreciated that most HAP cases result from microaspiration of oropharyngeal secretions previously colonized with pathogenic bacteria and that the pathogens colonizing the oropharynx are influenced by specific factors.11, 18
TREATMENT
While the importance of early, appropriate antimicrobial therapy on outcome has been questioned, 67 more recent studies suggest that mortality can be reduced with early, appropriate empiric therapy.7, 73 Celis et al reported that the mortality rate for HAP was 30.5% when the appropriate treatment was instituted as compared to 91.6% when the therapy was inappropriate.7 Torres et al reported a similar increase in mortality when inappropriate therapy was given in ventilated patients.73 More
CONCLUSION
Annually in the United States, there are estimated to be 300, 000 cases of HAP, but the incidence of HAP varies considerably throughout the hospital, and is highest among patients receiving mechanical ventilation. While HAP is the most common cause of nosocomial death, early appropriate therapy is reported to reduce mortality. However, the results of most diagnostic tests, if positive, are not available for several hours or days, and initial therapy is by necessity, empiric. In selecting an
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Address reprint requests to G. Douglas Campbell, Jr, MD, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130
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Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana