Reviews and feature articleOxidants and the pathogenesis of lung diseases
Section snippets
Mechanisms of oxidant-induced toxicity
The mechanisms whereby oxidants exert their pathological effects on the lungs have been the focus of numerous studies and are still the subject of debate. Despite the diversity of these agents and the multitude of complex mechanisms that exist, several common themes have been identified that can serve as a platform for future research. Many ambient air pollutants may induce oxidative stress in the lung that arises when ROSs overwhelm antioxidant defenses (Fig 1). After this imbalance is
Oxidants and lung disease
Because the lung interfaces with the external environment, it is frequently exposed to airborne oxidant gases and particulates, and thus prone to oxidant-mediated cellular damage. Enhanced levels of oxidant production and cellular injury have been implicated in many pulmonary diseases including asthma and other allergic diseases, COPD, ARDS, and cystic fibrosis. In the following section, we briefly describe investigations on exacerbation of these important pulmonary diseases caused by ROS.
Susceptible populations
Interindividual differences in responses to air pollutant exposures have been well documented.117, 118, 119, 120 That is, in populations and clinical studies exposed similarly to air pollutants, pulmonary inflammatory and function responses are more severe in some individuals than in others. Importantly, investigators have also demonstrated high within-individual reproducibility of the responses to air pollutant exposures.120 The wide spectrum of adverse responses to the pollutants has been
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(Supported by an educational grant from Merck & Co., Inc.)
Series editors: Joshua A. Boyce, MD, Fred Finkelman, MD, William T. Shearer, MD, PhD, and Donata Vercelli, MD
Supported by the Division of Intramural Research at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services.
Terms in boldface and italics are defined in the glossary on page 457.