Macrophages become activated initiating innate immune responses. Depending on the signals,
macrophages obtain an array of activation phenotypes, described by the broad terms of …

Mechanical ventilation may have adverse effects on both the lung and the diaphragm. Injury
to the lung is mediated by excessive mechanical stress and strain, whereas the diaphragm …

The onset and the termination of innate immune response must be tightly regulated to
maintain homeostasis and prevent excessive inflammation, which can be detrimental to the …

Purpose To compare the diagnostic performance of lung ultrasound and bedside chest
radiography (CXR) for the detection of various pathologic abnormalities in unselected critically ill …

Activated macrophages are described as classically activated or M1 type and alternatively
activated or M2 type, depending on their response to proinflammatory stimuli and the …

Mechanical ventilation can cause acute diaphragm atrophy and injury, and this is
associated with poor clinical outcomes. Although the importance and impact of lung-protective …

Respiratory drive, the intensity of the respiratory center’s output, determines the effort exerted
in each breath. The increasing awareness of the adverse effects of both strong and weak …

Objectives It is not known if proportional assist ventilation with load-adjustable gain factors (PAV+)
may be used as a mode of support in critically ill patients. The aim of this study was to …

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major cause of respiratory failure, with limited
effective treatments available. Alveolar macrophages participate in the pathogenesis of …

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ineffective efforts (IEs), specifically
clusters of IEs, during mechanical ventilation on the outcome of critically ill patients. …