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Research ArticleConference Proceedings

Interfaces and Humidification for Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation

Stefano Nava, Paolo Navalesi and Cesare Gregoretti
Respiratory Care January 2009, 54 (1) 71-84;
Stefano Nava
Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Istituto Scientifico di Pavia, Fondazione S Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Paolo Navalesi
SCDU Anestesia, Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva-Azienda Ospedaliera “Maggiore della Carità,” Università “A Avogadro” del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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Cesare Gregoretti
Dipartimento Emergenza ed Accettazione, Centro Traumatologico Ortopedico, Maria Adelaide, Torino, Italy
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Abstract

During noninvasive ventilation (NIV) for acute respiratory failure, the patient's comfort may be less important than the efficacy of the treatment. However, mask fit and care are needed to prevent skin damage and air leaks that can dramatically reduce patient tolerance and the efficacy of NIV. Choice of interface is a major determinant of NIV success or failure. The number and types of NIV interface has increased and new types are in development. Oronasal mask is the most commonly used interface in acute respiratory failure, followed by nasal mask, helmet, and mouthpiece. There is no perfect NIV interface, and interface choice requires careful evaluation of the patient's characteristics, ventilation modes, and type of acute respiratory failure. Every effort should be made to minimize air leaks, maximize patient comfort, and optimize patient-ventilator interaction. Technological issues to consider when choosing the NIV interface include dead space (dynamic, apparatus, and physiologic), the site and type of exhalation port, and the functioning of the ventilator algorithm with different masks. Heating and humidification may be needed to prevent adverse effects from cool dry gas. Heated humidifier provides better CO2 clearance and lower work of breathing than does heat-and-moisture exchanger, because heated humidifier adds less dead space.

  • noninvasive ventilation
  • acute respiratory failure
  • mask
  • air leak
  • ventilator
  • humidification
  • heat-and-moisture exchanger

Footnotes

  • Correspondence: Stefano Nava MD, Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Istituto Scientifico di Pavia, Fondazione S Maugeri, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Via Maugeri n 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy. E-mail: stefano.nava{at}fsm.it.
  • Dr Nava has had relationships with Respironics, ResMed, Dräger, Breas, and Fisher and Paykel. He reports no other conflicts of interest in the content of this paper.

  • Dr Nava presented a version of this paper at the 42nd Respiratory Care Journal Conference, “Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Care: Controversies and Emerging Concepts,” held March 7-9, 2008, in Cancún, México.

  • Copyright © 2009 by Daedalus Enterprises Inc.
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Respiratory Care: 54 (1)
Respiratory Care
Vol. 54, Issue 1
1 Jan 2009
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Interfaces and Humidification for Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation
Stefano Nava, Paolo Navalesi, Cesare Gregoretti
Respiratory Care Jan 2009, 54 (1) 71-84;

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Interfaces and Humidification for Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation
Stefano Nava, Paolo Navalesi, Cesare Gregoretti
Respiratory Care Jan 2009, 54 (1) 71-84;
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Keywords

  • noninvasive ventilation
  • acute respiratory failure
  • mask
  • air leak
  • ventilator
  • humidification
  • heat-and-moisture exchanger

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