Research ArticleConference Proceedings

Aerosol Therapy in Pulmonary Critical Care

Arzu Ari
Respiratory Care June 2015, 60 (6) 858-879; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.03790

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Hess DR
    . Nebulizers: principles and performance. Respir Care 2000;45(6):609-622.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  2. 2.
    1. Hess DR
    . Liquid nebulization: emerging technologies conference summary. Respir Care 2002;47(12):1471-1476.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  3. 3.
    1. Le Brun PP,
    2. de Boer AH,
    3. Heijerman HG,
    4. Frijlink HW
    . A review of the technical aspects of drug nebulization. Pharm World Sci 2000;22(3):75-81.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. 4.↵
    1. Fink J,
    2. Ari A
    . Aerosol therapy in intubated patients. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013;10(8):1077-1093.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    1. Ari A,
    2. Fink JB,
    3. Dhand R
    . Inhalation therapy in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: an update. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2012;25(6):319-332.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    1. Ari A,
    2. Fink JB
    . Factors affecting bronchodilator delivery in mechanically ventilated adults. Nurs Crit Care 2010;15(4):192-203.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Ari A
    . Aerosol therapy for mechanically ventilated patients: devices, issues, selection & technique. Clin Found 2012;14:1-12.
    OpenUrl
  8. 8.↵
    1. Phipps PR,
    2. Gonda I
    . Droplets produced by medical nebulizers. Some factors affecting their size and solute concentration. Chest 1990;97(6):1327-1332.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  9. 9.↵
    1. Dolovich MB,
    2. Dhand R
    . Aerosol drug delivery: developments in device design and clinical use. Lancet 2011;377(9770):1032-1045.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. 10.↵
    1. Rau JL
    . Design principles of liquid nebulization devices currently in use. Respir Care 2002;47(11):1257-1275; discussion 1275-1278.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  11. 11.↵
    1. Dhand R,
    2. Mercier E
    . Effective inhaled drug administration to mechanically ventilated patients. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2007;4(1):47-61.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. 12.↵
    1. Nikander K,
    2. Turpeinen M,
    3. Wollmer P
    . The conventional ultrasonic nebulizer proved inefficient in nebulizing a suspension. J Aerosol Med 1999;12(2):47-53.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  13. 13.↵
    1. Steckel H,
    2. Eskandar F
    . Factors affecting aerosol performance during nebulization with jet and ultrasonic nebulizers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003;19(5):443-455.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  14. 14.↵
    1. Harvey CJ,
    2. O'Doherty MJ,
    3. Page CJ,
    4. Thomas SH,
    5. Nunan TO,
    6. Treacher DF
    . Comparison of jet and ultrasonic nebulizer pulmonary aerosol deposition during mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J 1997;10(4):905-909.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  15. 15.↵
    1. Ari A
    . Nebulizers: an evaluation of nebulizers for better clinical practice. Eurasian J Pulmonol 2014;16:1-7.
    OpenUrl
  16. 16.↵
    1. Dhand R
    . New frontiers in aerosol delivery during mechanical ventilation. Respir Care 2004;49(6):666-677.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  17. 17.↵
    1. Dhand R
    . Nebulizers that use a vibrating mesh or plate with multiple apertures to generate aerosol. Respir Care 47(12):1406-1416, 2002; discussion 1416-1408.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  18. 18.↵
    1. Ari A,
    2. Atalay OT,
    3. Harwood R,
    4. Sheard MM,
    5. Aljamhan EA,
    6. Fink JB
    . Influence of nebulizer type, position, and bias flow on aerosol drug delivery in simulated pediatric and adult lung models during mechanical ventilation. Respir Care 2010;55(7):845-851.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  19. 19.↵
    1. Ari A,
    2. Areabi H,
    3. Fink JB
    . Evaluation of position of aerosol device in two different ventilator circuits during mechanical ventilation. Respir Care 2010;55(7):837-844.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  20. 20.↵
    1. Pitance L,
    2. Vecellio L,
    3. Leal T,
    4. Reychler G,
    5. Reychler H,
    6. Liistro G
    . Delivery efficacy of a vibrating mesh nebulizer and a jet nebulizer under different configurations. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2010;23(6):389-396.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  21. 21.↵
    1. Rubin BK,
    2. Fink JB
    . Optimizing aerosol delivery by pressurized metered-dose inhalers. Respir Care 2005;50(9):1191-1200.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  22. 22.↵
    1. Labiris NR,
    2. Dolovich MB
    . Pulmonary drug delivery. Part II: the role of inhalant delivery devices and drug formulations in therapeutic effectiveness of aerosolized medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003;56(6):600-612.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. 23.↵
    1. Newman SP
    . Principles of metered-dose inhaler design. Respir Care 2005;50(9):1177-1190.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  24. 24.↵
    1. Rau JL
    . The inhalation of drugs: advantages and problems. Respir Care 2005;50(3):367-382.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  25. 25.
    1. Rubin BK
    . Air and soul: the science and application of aerosol therapy. Respir Care 2010;55(7):911-921.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  26. 26.↵
    1. Hess DR
    . Aerosol delivery devices in the treatment of asthma. Respir Care 2008;53(6):699-723; discussion 723-725.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  27. 27.↵
    1. Rau JL,
    2. Dunlevy CL,
    3. Hill RL
    . A comparison of inline MDI actuators for delivery of a beta agonist and a corticosteroid with a mechanically-ventilated lung model. Respir Care 1998;43:705-712.
    OpenUrl
  28. 28.↵
    1. MacIntyre NR,
    2. Silver RM,
    3. Miller CW,
    4. Schuler F,
    5. Coleman RE
    . Aerosol delivery in intubated, mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 1985;13(2):81-84.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  29. 29.↵
    1. Fuller HD,
    2. Dolovich MB,
    3. Posmituck G,
    4. Pack WW,
    5. Newhouse MT
    . Pressurized aerosol versus jet aerosol delivery to mechanically ventilated patients. Comparison of dose to the lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141(2):440-444.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  30. 30.↵
    1. Dhand R,
    2. Tobin MJ
    . Inhaled bronchodilator therapy in mechanically ventilated patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156(1):3-10.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  31. 31.↵
    1. Fink J,
    2. Dhand R,
    3. Duarte A,
    4. Jenne J,
    5. Tobin M
    . Aerosol delivery from a metered-dose inhaler during mechanical ventilation. An in-vitro model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154(2):382-387.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  32. 32.↵
    1. Fuller HD,
    2. Dolovich MB,
    3. Chambers C,
    4. Newhouse MT
    . Aerosol delivery during mechanical ventilation: a predictive in-vitro lung model. J Aerosol Med 1992;5(4):251-259.
    OpenUrl
  33. 33.↵
    1. Fink JB,
    2. Dhand R,
    3. Grychowski J,
    4. Fahey PJ,
    5. Tobin MJ
    . Reconciling in vitro and in vivo measurements of aerosol delivery from a metered-dose inhaler during mechanical ventilation and defining efficiency-enhancing factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159(1):63-68.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  34. 34.↵
    1. Diot P,
    2. Morra L,
    3. Smaldone GC
    . Albuterol delivery in a model of mechanical ventilation. Comparison of metered-dose inhaler and nebulizer efficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152(4 Pt 1):1391-1394.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  35. 35.↵
    1. Rau JL,
    2. Harwood RJ,
    3. Groff JL
    . Evaluation of a reservoir device for metered-dose bronchodilator delivery to intubated adults: an in-vitro study. Chest 1992;102(3):924-930.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  36. 36.↵
    1. Morén F,
    2. Anderson J
    . Fraction of dose exhaled after administration of pressurized inhalation aerosols. Int J Pharm 1980;6(3-4):295-300.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  37. 37.↵
    1. Goode ML,
    2. Fink JB,
    3. Dhand R,
    4. Tobin MJ
    . Improvement in aerosol delivery with helium-oxygen mixtures during mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163(1):109-114.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  38. 38.↵
    1. O'Doherty MJ,
    2. Thomas SH,
    3. Page CJ,
    4. Treacher DF,
    5. Nunan TO
    . Delivery of a nebulized aerosol to a lung model during mechanical ventilation. Effect of ventilator settings and nebulizer type, position, and volume of fill. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146(2):383-388.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  39. 39.
    1. Thomas SH,
    2. O'Doherty MJ,
    3. Page CJ,
    4. Treacher DF,
    5. Nunan TO
    . Delivery of ultrasonic nebulized aerosols to a lung model during mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Resp Dis 1993;148(4):872-877.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  40. 40.↵
    1. Thomas SH,
    2. O'Doherty MJ,
    3. Fidler HM,
    4. Page CJ,
    5. Treacher DF,
    6. Nunan TO
    . Pulmonary deposition of a nebulised aerosol during mechanical ventilation. Thorax 1993;48(2):154-159.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  41. 41.↵
    1. Hess DR,
    2. Fisher D,
    3. Williams P,
    4. Pooler S,
    5. Kacmarek RM
    . Medication nebulizer performance. Effects of diluent volume, nebulizer flow, and nebulizer brand. Chest 1996;110(2):498-505.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  42. 42.↵
    1. Harvey CJ,
    2. O'Doherty MJ,
    3. Page CJ,
    4. Thomas SH,
    5. Nunan TO,
    6. Treacher DF
    . Effect of a spacer on pulmonary aerosol deposition from a jet nebulizer during mechanical ventilation. Thorax 1995;50(1):50-53.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  43. 43.↵
    1. Newman SP
    . How well do in vitro particle size measurements predict drug delivery in vivo? J Aerosol Med 1998;11(Suppl 1):S97-104.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  44. 44.↵
    1. Dhand R,
    2. Sohal H
    . Pulmonary drug delivery system for inhalation therapy in mechanically ventilated patients. Expert Rev Med Devices 2008;5(1):9-18.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  45. 45.↵
    1. Waldrep JC,
    2. Berlinski A,
    3. Dhand R
    . Comparative analysis of methods to measure aerosols generated by a vibrating mesh nebulizer. J Aerosol Med 2007;20(3):310-319.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  46. 46.↵
    1. Van Dyke RE,
    2. Nikander K
    . Delivery of iloprost inhalation solution with the HaloLite, Prodose, and I-neb adaptive aerosol delivery systems: an in vitro study. Respir Care 2007;52(2):184-190.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  47. 47.↵
    1. Polli GP,
    2. Grim WM,
    3. Bacher FA,
    4. Yunker MH
    . Influence of formulation on aerosol particle size. J Pharm Sci 1969;58(4):484-486.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  48. 48.↵
    1. Kim CS,
    2. Trujillo D,
    3. Sackner MA
    . Size aspects of metered-dose inhaler aerosols. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132(1):137-142.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  49. 49.↵
    1. Ehrmann S,
    2. Roche-Campo F,
    3. Sferrazza Papa GF,
    4. Isabey D,
    5. Brochard L,
    6. Apiou-Sbirlea G
    . Aerosol therapy during mechanical ventilation: an international survey. Intensive Care Med 2013;39(6):1048-1056.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  50. 50.↵
    1. MacNeish CF,
    2. Meisner D,
    3. Thibert R,
    4. Kelemen S,
    5. Vadas EB,
    6. Coates AL
    . A comparison of pulmonary availability between Ventolin (albuterol) nebules and Ventolin (albuterol) respirator solution. Chest 1997;111(1):204-208.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  51. 51.
    1. Berlinski A,
    2. Waldrep JC
    . Nebulized drug admixtures: effect on aerosol characteristics and albuterol output. J Aerosol Med 2006;19(4):484-490.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  52. 52.
    1. Coates AL,
    2. MacNeish CF,
    3. Meisner D,
    4. Kelemen S,
    5. Thibert R,
    6. MacDonald J,
    7. Vadas E
    . The choice of jet nebulizer, nebulizing flow, and addition of albuterol affects the output of tobramycin aerosols. Chest 1997;111(5):1206-1212.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  53. 53.↵
    1. Flament MP,
    2. Leterme P,
    3. Burnouf T,
    4. Gayot A
    . Influence of formulation on jet nebulisation quality of α1 protease inhibitor. Int J Pharm 1999;178(1):101-109.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  54. 54.↵
    1. Lee TY,
    2. Chen CM,
    3. Lee CN,
    4. Chiang YC,
    5. Chen HY
    . Compatibility and osmolality of inhaled N-acetylcysteine nebulizing solution with fenoterol and ipratropium. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2005;62(8):828-833.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  55. 55.
    1. Joseph JC
    . Compatibility of nebulizer solution admixtures. Ann Pharmacother 1997;31(4):487-489.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  56. 56.
    1. Kamin W,
    2. Schwabe A,
    3. Krämer I
    . Inhalation solutions: which ones are allowed to be mixed? Physico-chemical compatibility of drug solutions in nebulizers. J Cyst Fibros 2006;5(4):205-213.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  57. 57.↵
    1. McKenzie JE,
    2. Cruz-Rivera M
    . Compatibility of budesonide inhalation suspension with four nebulizing solutions. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38(6):967-972.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  58. 58.↵
    1. Alvine GF,
    2. Rodgers P,
    3. Fitzsimmons KM,
    4. Ahrens RC
    . Disposable jet nebulizers. How reliable are they? Chest 1992;101(2):316-319.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  59. 59.↵
    1. Loffert DT,
    2. Ikle D,
    3. Nelson HS
    . A comparison of commercial jet nebulizers. Chest 1994;106(6):1788-1792.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  60. 60.
    1. Terzano C,
    2. Petroianni A,
    3. Parola D,
    4. Ricci A
    . Compressor/nebulizer differences in the nebulization of corticosteroids. The CODE study (Corticosteroids and Devices Efficiency). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2007;11(4):225-237.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  61. 61.↵
    1. Waldrep JC,
    2. Keyhani K,
    3. Black M,
    4. Knight V
    . Operating characteristics of 18 different continuous-flow jet nebulizers with beclomethasone dipropionate liposome aerosol. Chest 1994;105(1):106-110.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  62. 62.↵
    1. Craven DE,
    2. Goularte TA,
    3. Make BJ
    . Contaminated condensate in mechanical ventilator circuits: a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;129(4):625-628.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  63. 63.↵
    1. Beaty CD,
    2. Ritz RH,
    3. Benson MS
    . Continuous in-line nebulizers complicate pressure support ventilation. Chest 1989;96(6):1360-1363.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  64. 64.↵
    1. Phillips GD,
    2. Millard FJ
    . The therapeutic use of ultrasonic nebulizers in acute asthma. Respir Med 1994;88(5):387-389.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  65. 65.↵
    1. Dhand R,
    2. Guntur VP
    . How best to deliver aerosol medications to mechanically ventilated patients. Clin Chest Med 2008;29(2):277-296.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  66. 66.
    1. Dhand R
    . Aerosol delivery during mechanical ventilation: from basic techniques to new devices. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2008;21(1):45-60.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  67. 67.↵
    1. Waldrep JC,
    2. Dhand R
    . Advanced nebulizer designs employing vibrating mesh/aperture plate technologies for aerosol generation. Curr Drug Deliv 2008;5(2):114-119.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  68. 68.↵
    1. Hurley PK,
    2. Smye SW,
    3. Cunliffe H
    . Assessment of antibiotic aerosol generation using commercial jet nebulizers. J Aerosol Med 1994;7(3):217-228.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  69. 69.↵
    1. Dhand R
    . Aerosol therapy during mechanical ventilation: getting ready for prime time. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168(10):1148-1149.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  70. 70.↵
    1. Miller DD,
    2. Amin MM,
    3. Palmer LB,
    4. Shah AR,
    5. Smaldone GC
    . Aerosol delivery and modern mechanical ventilation: in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168(10):1205-1209.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  71. 71.↵
    1. Hughes J,
    2. Saez J
    . Effects of nebulizer mode and position in a mechanical ventilator circuit on dose efficiency. Respir Care 1987;32(12):1131-1135.
    OpenUrl
  72. 72.↵
    1. Sidler-Moix AL,
    2. Dolci U,
    3. Berger-Gryllaki M,
    4. Pannatier A,
    5. Cotting J,
    6. Di Paolo ER
    . Albuterol delivery in an in vitro pediatric ventilator lung model: comparison of jet, ultrasonic and mesh nebulizers. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013;14(2):e98-e102.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  73. 73.↵
    1. Wan GH,
    2. Lin HL,
    3. Fink JB,
    4. Chen YH,
    5. Wang WJ,
    6. Chiu YC,
    7. et al
    . In vitro evaluation of aerosol delivery by different nebulization modes in pediatric and mechanical ventilator modes. Respir Care 2014;59(10):1494-1500.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  74. 74.↵
    1. Berlinski A,
    2. Willis JR
    . Albuterol delivery by 4 different nebulizers placed in 4 different positions in a pediatric ventilator in vitro model. Respir Care 2013;58(7):1124-1133.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  75. 75.↵
    1. Moraine JJ,
    2. Truflandier K,
    3. Vandenbergen N,
    4. Berré J,
    5. Mélot C,
    6. Vincent JL
    . Placement of the nebulizer before the humidifier during mechanical ventilation: Effect on aerosol delivery. Heart Lung 2009;38(5):435-439.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  76. 76.↵
    1. Fink J
    . Metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers and transitions. Respir Care 2000;45(6):623-635.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  77. 77.↵
    1. Everard ML,
    2. Devadason SG,
    3. Summers QA,
    4. Le Souëf PN
    . Factors affecting total and “respirable” dose delivered by a salbutamol metered dose inhaler. Thorax 1995;50(7):746-749.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  78. 78.↵
    1. O'Callaghan C,
    2. Lynch J,
    3. Cant M,
    4. Robertson C
    . Improvement in sodium cromoglycate delivery from a spacer device by use of an antistatic lining, immediate inhalation, and avoiding multiple actuations of drug. Thorax 1993;48(6):603-606.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  79. 79.
    1. Barry PW,
    2. O'Callaghan C
    . The effect of delay, multiple actuations and spacer static charge on the in vitro delivery of budesonide from the Nebuhaler. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995;40(1):76-78.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  80. 80.↵
    1. Clark DJ,
    2. Lipworth BJ
    . Effect of multiple actuations, delayed inhalation and antistatic treatment on the lung bioavailability of salbutamol via a spacer device. Thorax 1996;51(10):981-984.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  81. 81.↵
    1. Rau JL,
    2. Zhu Y
    . Reservoir design and dose availability with long-term metered dose inhaler corticosteroid use. J Aerosol Med 1998;11(1):15-26.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  82. 82.↵
    1. Bishop MJ,
    2. Larson RP,
    3. Buschman DL
    . Metered dose inhaler aerosol characteristics are affected by the endotracheal tube actuator/adapter used. Anesthesiology 1990;73(6):1263-1265.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  83. 83.↵
    1. Williams RO 3rd.,
    2. Patel AM,
    3. Barron MK,
    4. Rogers TL
    . Investigation of some commercially available spacer devices for the delivery of glucocorticoid steroids from a pMDI. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2001;27(5):401-412.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  84. 84.↵
    1. Fuller HD,
    2. Dolovich MB,
    3. Turpie FH,
    4. Newhouse MT
    . Efficiency of bronchodilator aerosol delivery to the lungs from the metered dose inhaler in mechanically ventilated patients. A study comparing four different actuator devices. Chest 1994;105(1):214-218.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  85. 85.↵
    1. Dhand R,
    2. Duarte AG,
    3. Jubran A,
    4. Jenne JW,
    5. Fink JB,
    6. Fahey PJ,
    7. Tobin MJ
    . Dose response to bronchodilator delivered by metered-dose inhaler in ventilator supported patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154(2):388-393.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  86. 86.↵
    1. Dhand R,
    2. Tobin MJ
    . Bronchodilator delivery with metered-dose inhalers in mechanically-ventilated patients. Eur Respir J 1996;9(3):585-595.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  87. 87.↵
    1. O'Riordan TG,
    2. Palmer LB,
    3. Smaldone GC
    . Aerosol deposition in mechanically ventilated patients. Optimizing nebulizer delivery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(1):214-219.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  88. 88.↵
    1. Guerin C,
    2. Fassier T,
    3. Bayle F,
    4. Lemasson S,
    5. Richard JC
    . Inhaled bronchodilator administration during mechanical ventilation: how to optimize it and for which clinical benefit? J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2008;21(1):85-96.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  89. 89.↵
    1. Hess DR,
    2. Dillman C,
    3. Kacmarek RM
    . In vitro evaluation of aerosol bronchodilator delivery during mechanical ventilation: pressure-control vs. volume control ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2003;29(7):1145-1150.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  90. 90.↵
    1. Andersen JB,
    2. Klausen NO
    . A new mode of administration of nebulized bronchodilator in severe bronchospasm. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 1982;119:97-100.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  91. 91.↵
    1. Fink JB,
    2. Tobin MJ,
    3. Dhand R
    . Bronchodilator therapy in mechanically ventilated patients. Respir Care 1999;44(1):53-69.
    OpenUrl
  92. 92.↵
    1. Crogan SJ,
    2. Bishop MJ
    . Delivery efficiency of metered dose aerosols given via endotracheal tubes. Anesthesiology 1989;70(6):1008-1010.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  93. 93.↵
    1. Garner SS,
    2. Wiest DB,
    3. Bradley JW
    . Albuterol delivery by metered-dose inhaler with a pediatric mechanical ventilatory circuit model. Pharmacotherapy 1994;14(2):210-214.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  94. 94.↵
    1. Ryan SN,
    2. Rankin N,
    3. Meyer E,
    4. Williams R
    . Energy balance in the intubated human airway is an indicator of optimal gas conditioning. Crit Care Med 2002;30(2):355-361.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  95. 95.↵
    1. Schulze A
    . Respiratory gas conditioning in infants with an artificial airway. Semin Neonatol 2002;7(5):369-377.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  96. 96.↵
    1. Lange CF,
    2. Finlay WH
    . Overcoming the adverse effect of humidity in aerosol delivery via pressurized metered-dose inhalers during mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161(5):1614-1618.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  97. 97.↵
    1. Lin HL,
    2. Fink JB,
    3. Zhou Y,
    4. Cheng YS
    . Influence of moisture accumulation in inline spacer on delivery of aerosol using metered-dose inhaler during mechanical ventilation. Respir Care 2009;54(10):1336-1341.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  98. 98.↵
    1. Bowers W
    . Effects of heat and moisture exchangers designed to allow aerosol delivery on aerosol deposition in simulated mechanically ventilated adults. Atlanta, GA: Georgia State University; 2010.
  99. 99.
    1. Svartengren M,
    2. Anderson M,
    3. Philipson K,
    4. Camner P
    . Human lung deposition of particles suspended in air or in helium/oxygen mixture. Exp Lung Res 1989;15(4):575-585.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  100. 100.↵
    1. Ari A,
    2. Fink J
    . Aerosol drug delivery administration with helium-oxygen (heliox) mixtures: an overview. Curr Respir Med Rev 2010;6(2):80-85.
    OpenUrl
  101. 101.↵
    1. Duarte AG
    . Inhaled bronchodilator administration during mechanical ventilation. Respir Care 2004;49(6):623-634.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  102. 102.↵
    1. Tassaux D,
    2. Jolliet P,
    3. Thouret JM,
    4. Roeseler J,
    5. Dorne R,
    6. Chevrolet JC
    . Calibration of seven ICU ventilators for mechanical ventilation with helium-oxygen mixtures. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160(1):22-32.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  103. 103.↵
    1. Takaya T,
    2. Takeyama K,
    3. Takiguchi M
    . The efficiency of β2-agonist delivery through tracheal tubes with the metered-dose inhaler: an in vitro study. J Anesth 2002;16(4):284-288.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  104. 104.↵
    1. Ahrens RC,
    2. Ries RA,
    3. Popendorf W,
    4. Wiese JA
    . The delivery of therapeutic aerosols through endotracheal tubes. Pediatr Pulmonol 1986;2(1):19-26.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  105. 105.↵
    1. O'Riordan TG,
    2. Greco MJ,
    3. Perry RJ,
    4. Smaldone GC
    . Nebulizer function during mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145(5):1117-1122.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  106. 106.↵
    1. Piccuito CM,
    2. Hess DR
    . Albuterol delivery via tracheostomy tube. Respir Care 2005;50(8):1071-1076.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  107. 107.↵
    1. Ari A,
    2. Harwood RJ,
    3. Sheard MM,
    4. Fink JB
    . An in vitro evaluation of aerosol delivery through tracheostomy and endotracheal tubes using different interfaces. Respir Care 2012;57(7):1066-1070.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  108. 108.
    1. Berlinski A
    . Nebulized albuterol delivery in a model of spontaneously breathing children with tracheostomy. Respir Care 2013;58(12):2076-2086.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  109. 109.↵
    1. Berlinski A,
    2. Chavez A
    . Albuterol delivery via metered dose inhaler in a spontaneously breathing pediatric tracheostomy model. Pediatr Pulmonol 2013;48(10):1026-1034.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  110. 110.↵
    1. Mirza S,
    2. Hopkinson L,
    3. Malik TH,
    4. Willatt DJ
    . The use of inhalers in patients with tracheal stomas or tracheostomy tubes. J Laryngol Otol 1999;113(8):762-764.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  111. 111.
    1. Nakhla V
    . A homemade modification of a spacer device for delivery of bronchodilator or steroid therapy in patients with tracheostomies. J Laryngol Otol 1997;111(4):363-365.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  112. 112.↵
    1. Parkes SN,
    2. Bersten AD
    . Aerosol kinetics and bronchodilator efficacy during continuous positive airway pressure delivered by face mask. Thorax 1997;52(2):171-175.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  113. 113.↵
    1. MacIntyre N
    . Aerosol delivery through an artificial airway. Respir Care 2002;47(11):1279-1285; discussion 1285-1289.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  114. 114.
    1. Dhand R
    . Special problems in aerosol delivery: artificial airways. Respir Care 2000;45(6):636-645.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  115. 115.↵
    1. Pitance L,
    2. Vecellio L,
    3. Delval G,
    4. Reychler G,
    5. Reychler H,
    6. Liistro G
    . Aerosol delivery through tracheostomy tubes: an in vitro study. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2013;26(2):76-83.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  116. 116.↵
    1. Dolovich MB,
    2. Ahrens RC,
    3. Hess DR,
    4. Anderson P,
    5. Dhand R,
    6. Rau JL,
    7. et al
    . Device selection and outcomes of aerosol therapy: evidence-based guidelines: American College of Chest Physicians/American College of Asthma, Allergy, and Immunology. Chest 2005;127(1):335-371.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  117. 117.↵
    1. Laube BL,
    2. Janssens HM,
    3. de Jongh FH,
    4. Devadason SG,
    5. Dhand R,
    6. Diot P,
    7. et al
    . What the pulmonary specialist should know about the new inhalation therapies. Eur Respir J 2011;37(6):1308-1331.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  118. 118.↵
    1. Marik P,
    2. Hogan J,
    3. Krikorian J
    . A comparison of bronchodilator therapy delivered by nebulization and metered-dose inhaler in mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 1999;115(6):1653-1657.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  119. 119.↵
    1. Ely EW,
    2. Baker AM,
    3. Evans GW,
    4. Haponik EF
    . The distribution of costs of care in mechanically ventilated patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med 2000;28(2):408-413.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  120. 120.↵
    1. Dhand R
    . Inhalation therapy in invasive and noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2007;13(1):27-38.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  121. 121.↵
    1. Dhand R
    . Inhalation therapy with metered-dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers in mechanically ventilated patients. Respir Care 2005;50(10):1331-1334; discussion 1344-1345.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  122. 122.↵
    1. Duarte AG,
    2. Momii K,
    3. Bidani A
    . Bronchodilator therapy with metered dose inhaler and spacer versus nebulizer in mechanically ventilated patients: comparison of magnitude and duration of response. Respir Care 2000;45(7):817-823.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  123. 123.↵
    1. Chang LH,
    2. Honiden S,
    3. Haithcock JA,
    4. Das AM,
    5. Short KA,
    6. Nierman DM,
    7. Carson SS
    . Utilization of bronchodilators in ventilated patients without obstructive airways disease. Respir Care 2007;52(2):154-158.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  124. 124.↵
    1. Craven DE,
    2. Lichtenberg DA,
    3. Goularte TA,
    4. Make BJ,
    5. McCabe WR
    . Contaminated medication nebulizers in mechanical ventilator circuits. Source of bacterial aerosols. Am J Med 1984;77(5):834-838.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  125. 125.
    1. Hamill RJ,
    2. Houston ED,
    3. Georghiou PR,
    4. Wright CE,
    5. Koza MA,
    6. Cadle RM,
    7. et al
    . An outbreak of Burkholderia cepacia respiratory tract colonization and infection associated with nebulized albuterol therapy. Ann Intern Med 1995;122(10):762-766.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  126. 126.↵
    1. Hamill RJ,
    2. Houston ED,
    3. Georghiou PR,
    4. Wright CE,
    5. Koza MA,
    6. Cadle RM,
    7. et al
    . Respiratory tract colonization and infection associated with nebulized albuterol therapy. Ann Intern Med 1995;122(10):762-766.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
Back to top

In this issue

 

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools

Jump to section

Related Articles

Cited By...

Keywords