Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Flow diagram showing the results of the search strategy related to aerosol therapy with noninvasive ventilation.
- Fig. 2.
Effect of ventilator settings and nebulizer position in an in vitro model of aerosol delivery with noninvasive ventilation. EPAP = expiratory positive airway pressure; PS = pressure support. Data from Reference 9.
- Fig. 3.
Schematic showing the effect of leak port on aerosol delivery by a nebulizer. In A, the nebulizer is placed between the leak port and the face mask. Top: During inhalation, the aerosol is directed toward the patient by inspiratory flow. Middle: During early exhalation, the aerosol generated by the nebulizer flows out of the leak port with some retrograde flow of aerosol into the circuit. Bottom: During late exhalation, when expiratory flow declines, some aerosol is cleared from the circuit. In B, the nebulizer is placed closer to the ventilator. Top: During inhalation, the aerosol is delivered to the patient with inspiratory flow, but some of it exits the circuit through the leak port. Middle: During early exhalation, the patient's exhalation dilutes the aerosol in the circuit and directs aerosol from the circuit into the ventilator. Bottom: During late exhalation, when expiratory flow declines, aerosol generated is again directed toward the patient by the nebulizer flow. BiPAP = bi-level positive airway pressure. From Reference 7, with permission.
- Fig. 4.
The Spectrum mask incorporates the leak port into the circuit, whereas the Mirage mask incorporates the leak port into the mask. A: Absolute amount of albuterol delivered with a nebulizer and metered-dose inhaler with the Spectrum and Mirage masks. B: Percent of the nominal dose of albuterol delivered with a nebulizer and metered-dose inhaler with the Spectrum and Mirage masks. From Reference 10.
- Fig. 5.
Factors that have been found to affect aerosol delivery during noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and areas requiring further research.
- Fig. 6.
FEV1 and FVC for the control group (without noninvasive ventilation [NIV]), NIV with an inspiratory pressure (IPAP) of 15 cm H2O and expiratory pressure (EPAP) of 5 cm H2O, and NIV with an IPAP of 15 cm H2O and an EPAP of 10 cm H2O. Data from Reference 21.
- Fig. 7.
Enhanced condensational growth nasal cannula. From Reference 45.
