Skip to main content
 

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Editor's Commentary
    • Coming Next Month
    • Archives
    • Most-Read Papers of 2021
  • Authors
    • Author Guidelines
    • Submit a Manuscript
  • Reviewers
    • Reviewer Information
    • Create Reviewer Account
    • Reviewer Guidelines: Original Research
    • Reviewer Guidelines: Reviews
    • Appreciation of Reviewers
  • CRCE
    • Through the Journal
    • JournalCasts
    • AARC University
    • PowerPoint Template
  • Open Forum
    • 2022 Call for Abstracts
    • 2021 Abstracts
    • Previous Open Forums
  • Podcast
    • English
    • Español
    • Portugûes
    • 国语
  • Videos
    • Video Abstracts
    • Author Interviews
    • Highlighted Articles
    • The Journal

User menu

  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
American Association for Respiratory Care
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
American Association for Respiratory Care

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Editor's Commentary
    • Coming Next Month
    • Archives
    • Most-Read Papers of 2021
  • Authors
    • Author Guidelines
    • Submit a Manuscript
  • Reviewers
    • Reviewer Information
    • Create Reviewer Account
    • Reviewer Guidelines: Original Research
    • Reviewer Guidelines: Reviews
    • Appreciation of Reviewers
  • CRCE
    • Through the Journal
    • JournalCasts
    • AARC University
    • PowerPoint Template
  • Open Forum
    • 2022 Call for Abstracts
    • 2021 Abstracts
    • Previous Open Forums
  • Podcast
    • English
    • Español
    • Portugûes
    • 国语
  • Videos
    • Video Abstracts
    • Author Interviews
    • Highlighted Articles
    • The Journal
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • YouTube
Research ArticleConference Proceedings

Pediatric Oxygen Therapy: A Review and Update

Brian K Walsh and Craig D Smallwood
Respiratory Care June 2017, 62 (6) 645-661; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.05245
Brian K Walsh
Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Craig D Smallwood
Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Partington JR
    . A short history of chemistry, 3rd edition. New York: Dover Publications; 1989:90.
  2. 2.↵
    1. Fisher AB
    . Oxygen therapy: side effects and toxicity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980;122(5 Pt 2):61–69.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  3. 3.↵
    1. James S,
    2. Lanman JT
    . History of oxygen therapy and retrolental fibroplasia. Prepared by the American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn with the collaboration of special consultants. Pediatrics 1976;57(suppl 2):591–642.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  4. 4.↵
    1. Saugstad OD
    . Oxygen toxicity in the neonatal period. Acta Paediatr Scand 1990;79(10):881–892.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  5. 5.↵
    1. Hess J
    . Oxygen unit for premature and very young infants. Am J Dis Child 1934;47:916–917.
    OpenUrl
  6. 6.↵
    1. Robertson AF
    . Reflections on errors in neonatology: I. The “hands-off” years, 1920 to 1950. J Perinatol 2003;23(1):48–55.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Zanardo V,
    2. Freato F
    . Home oxygen therapy in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: assessment of parental anxiety. Early Hum Dev 2001;65(1):39–46.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  8. 8.↵
    1. Egan DF,
    2. Scanlan CL,
    3. Wilkins RL,
    4. Stoller JK
    . Egan's fundamentals of respiratory care. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby; 1999:358–360.
  9. 9.↵
    1. Cole CH,
    2. Wright KW,
    3. Tarnow-Mordi W,
    4. Phelps DL
    , Pulse Oximetry Saturation Trial for Prevention of Retinopathy of Prematurity Planning Study Group. Resolving our uncertainty about oxygen therapy. Pediatrics 2003;112(6 Pt 1):1415–1419.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  10. 10.
    1. Tin W
    . Oxygen therapy: 50 years of uncertainty. Pediatrics 2002;110(3):615–616.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  11. 11.↵
    1. Finer NN,
    2. Rich WD
    . Neonatal resuscitation: raising the bar. Curr Opin Pediatr 2004;16(2):157–162.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  12. 12.↵
    1. Anderson CG,
    2. Benitz WE,
    3. Madan A
    . Retinopathy of prematurity and pulse oximetry: a national survey of recent practices. J Perinatol 2004;24(3):164–168.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  13. 13.↵
    1. Higgins RD,
    2. Bancalari E,
    3. Willinger M,
    4. Raju TN
    . Executive summary of the workshop on oxygen in neonatal therapies: controversies and opportunities for research. Pediatrics 2007;119(4):790–796.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  14. 14.↵
    1. Walsh M,
    2. Engle W,
    3. Laptook A,
    4. Kazzi SN,
    5. Buchter S,
    6. Rasmussen M,
    7. et al
    . Oxygen delivery through nasal cannulae to preterm infants: can practice be improved? Pediatrics 2005;116(4):857–861.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  15. 15.↵
    1. Sola A,
    2. Saldeño YP,
    3. Favareto V
    . Clinical practices in neonatal oxygenation: where have we failed? What can we do? J Perinatol 2008;28(Suppl 1):S28–S34.
    OpenUrl
  16. 16.↵
    1. dos Santos ML,
    2. Fleischer G,
    3. Beppu OS,
    4. Neves JC,
    5. Ratto OR
    . [Alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (A-a)DO2), pulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt), and dead space/tidal volume relation (VD/VT) in healthy children]. AMB Rev Assoc Med Bras 1976;22(4):121–124.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  17. 17.↵
    1. Welch B
    . Oxyhemoglobin dissociation. JACEP 1979;8(1):48.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  18. 18.↵
    1. Poets CF
    . When do infants need additional inspired oxygen? A review of the current literature. Pediatr Pulmonol 1998;26(6):424–428.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  19. 19.↵
    1. Rodríguez-Roisin R,
    2. Roca J
    . Mechanisms of hypoxemia. Intensive Care Med 2005;31(8):1017–1019.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. 20.↵
    1. Kacmarek RM,
    2. Stoller JK,
    3. Heuer AJ,
    4. Egan DF
    . Egan's fundamentals of respiratory care. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier/Mosby; 2013:868–870.
  21. 21.
    1. Martin DS,
    2. Grocott MP
    . III. Oxygen therapy in anaesthesia: the yin and yang of O2. Br J Anaesth 2013;111(6):867–871.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  22. 22.↵
    1. Walsh BK
    . Neonatal and pediatric respiratory care, 4th edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015;157–158.
  23. 23.↵
    1. Guyton AC
    . Textbook of medical physiology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 2005:492.
  24. 24.↵
    1. West JB
    . Pulmonary pathophysiology: the essentials. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007:6.
  25. 25.↵
    1. Schreiner RL,
    2. Kisling JA
    . Practical neonatal respiratory care. New York: Raven Press; 1982:332.
  26. 26.↵
    1. Kallstrom TJ
    , American Association for Respiratory Care. AARC clinical practice guideline: oxygen therapy for adults in the acute care facility: 2002 revision and update. Respir Care 2002;47(6):717–720.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  27. 27.↵
    1. Loftus BC,
    2. Ahn J,
    3. Haddad J Jr.
    . Neonatal nasal deformities secondary to nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Laryngoscope 1994;104(8 Pt 1):1019–1022.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  28. 28.
    1. Robertson NJ,
    2. McCarthy LS,
    3. Hamilton PA,
    4. Moss AL
    . Nasal deformities resulting from flow driver continuous positive airway pressure. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1996;75(3):F209–F212.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  29. 29.
    1. Williams R,
    2. Rankin N,
    3. Smith T,
    4. Galler D,
    5. Seakins P
    . Relationship between the humidity and temperature of inspired gas and the function of the airway mucosa. Crit Care Med 1996;24(11):1920–1929.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  30. 30.↵
    1. Kelly MG,
    2. McGarvey LP,
    3. Heaney LG,
    4. Elborn JS
    . Nasal septal perforation and oxygen cannulae. Hosp Med 2001;62(4):248.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  31. 31.↵
    1. Kopelman AE,
    2. Holbert D
    . Use of oxygen cannulas in extremely low birthweight infants is associated with mucosal trauma and bleeding, and possibly with coagulase-negative staphylococcal sepsis. J Perinatol 2003;23(2):94–97.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  32. 32.↵
    1. Negus VE
    . Humidification of the air passages. Thorax 1952;7(2):148–151.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  33. 33.↵
    1. Restrepo RD,
    2. Walsh BK
    American Association for Respiratory Care, Restrepo RD, Walsh BK. Humidification during invasive and noninvasive mechanical ventilation: 2012. Respir Care 2012;57(5):782–788.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  34. 34.↵
    American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis. Diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 2006;118(4):1774–1793.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  35. 35.↵
    1. Ralston SL,
    2. Lieberthal AS,
    3. Meissner HC,
    4. Alverson BK,
    5. Baley JE,
    6. Gadomski AM,
    7. et al
    . Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 2014;134(5):e1474–e1502.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  36. 36.↵
    1. Cunningham S,
    2. Rodriguez A,
    3. Adams T,
    4. Boyd KA,
    5. Butcher I,
    6. Enderby B,
    7. et al
    . Oxygen saturation targets in infants with bronchiolitis (BIDS): a double-blind, randomised, equivalence trial. Lancet 2015;386(9998):1041–1048.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  37. 37.↵
    1. Abdelsalam M,
    2. Cheifetz IM
    . Goal-directed therapy for severely hypoxic patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: permissive hypoxemia. Respir Care 2010;55(11):1483–1490.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  38. 38.↵
    1. Gilbert-Kawai ET,
    2. Mitchell K,
    3. Martin D,
    4. Carlisle J,
    5. Grocott MP
    . Permissive hypoxaemia versus normoxaemia for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(5):CD009931.
  39. 39.↵
    1. Martin DS,
    2. Grocott MP
    . Oxygen therapy in critical illness: precise control of arterial oxygenation and permissive hypoxemia. Crit Care Med 2013;41(2):423–432.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  40. 40.↵
    1. Marini JJ
    . Too much for too long-wrong targets, wrong timing? Crit Care Med 2013;41(2):664–665.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  41. 41.↵
    1. Bert P,
    2. Hitchcock MA,
    3. Hitchcock FA
    . Barometric pressure. Columbus, Ohio: College Book Company; 1943:362.
  42. 42.↵
    1. Jenkinson SG
    . Physiologic response to exposure to 100% inspired oxygen. Respir Care 1983;28:614.
    OpenUrl
  43. 43.↵
    1. Nunn JF
    . Conscious volunteers developed hypoxemia and pulmonary collapse when breathing air and oxygen at reduced lung volume. Anesthesiology 2003;98(1):258–259.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  44. 44.↵
    1. Jackson RM
    . Pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Chest 1985;88(6):900–905.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  45. 45.↵
    1. Crapo JD
    . Morphologic changes in pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Annu Rev Physiol 1986;48:721–731.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  46. 46.↵
    1. Saugstad OD
    . Bronchopulmonary dysplasia-oxidative stress and antioxidants. Semin Neonatol 2003;8(1):39–49.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  47. 47.↵
    1. O'Donovan DJ,
    2. Fernandes CJ
    . Free radicals and diseases in premature infants. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004;6(1):169–176.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  48. 48.↵
    1. Saugstad OD
    . Oxygen for newborns: how much is too much? J Perinatol 2005;25(Suppl 2):S45–S49; discussion S50.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  49. 49.↵
    1. Thomson L,
    2. Paton J
    . Oxygen toxicity. Paediatr Respir Rev 2014;15(2):120–123.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  50. 50.↵
    1. Pacher P,
    2. Beckman JS,
    3. Liaudet L
    . Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2007;87(1):315–424.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  51. 51.↵
    1. Finer N,
    2. Leone T
    . Oxygen saturation monitoring for the preterm infant: the evidence basis for current practice. Pediatr Res 2009;65(4):375–380.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  52. 52.↵
    1. Baba L,
    2. McGrath JM
    . Oxygen free radicals: effects in the newborn period. Adv Neonatal Care 2008;8(5):256–264.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  53. 53.↵
    1. Thomas W,
    2. Speer CP
    . Nonventilatory strategies for prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: what is the evidence? Neonatology 2008;94(3):150–159.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  54. 54.↵
    1. Saugstad OD
    . Oxidative stress in the newborn: a 30-year perspective. Biol Neonate 2005;88(3):228–236.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  55. 55.↵
    1. de Jonge E,
    2. Peelen L,
    3. Keijzers PJ,
    4. Joore H,
    5. de Lange D,
    6. van der Voort PH,
    7. et al
    . Association between administered oxygen, arterial partial oxygen pressure and mortality in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients. Crit Care 2008;12(6):R156.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  56. 56.↵
    1. Eastwood G,
    2. Bellomo R,
    3. Bailey M,
    4. Taori G,
    5. Pilcher D,
    6. Young P,
    7. Beasley R
    . Arterial oxygen tension and mortality in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 2012;38(1):91–98.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  57. 57.↵
    1. Cabello JB,
    2. Burls A,
    3. Emparanza JI,
    4. Bayliss S,
    5. Quinn T
    . Oxygen therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(6):CD007160.
  58. 58.↵
    1. Wijesinghe M,
    2. Perrin K,
    3. Ranchord A,
    4. Simmonds M,
    5. Weatherall M,
    6. Beasley R
    . Routine use of oxygen in the treatment of myocardial infarction: systematic review. Heart 2009;95(3):198–202.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  59. 59.↵
    1. Fonnes S,
    2. Gögenur I,
    3. Søndergaard ES,
    4. Siersma VD,
    5. Jorgensen LN,
    6. Wetterslev J,
    7. Meyhoff CS
    . Perioperative hyperoxia: long-term impact on cardiovascular complications after abdominal surgery, a post hoc analysis of the PROXI trial. Int J Cardiol 2016;215:238–243.
    OpenUrl
  60. 60.↵
    1. Modi P,
    2. Imura H,
    3. Caputo M,
    4. Pawade A,
    5. Parry A,
    6. Angelini GD,
    7. Suleiman MS
    . Cardiopulmonary bypass-induced myocardial reoxygenation injury in pediatric patients with cyanosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;124(5):1035–1036.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  61. 61.
    1. del Nido PJ,
    2. Mickle DA,
    3. Wilson GJ,
    4. Benson LN,
    5. Coles JG,
    6. Trusler GA,
    7. Williams WG
    . Evidence of myocardial free radical injury during elective repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 1987;76(5 Pt 2):V174–V179.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  62. 62.
    1. del Nido PJ,
    2. Benson LN,
    3. Mickle DA,
    4. Kielmanowicz S,
    5. Coles JG,
    6. Wilson GJ
    . Impaired left ventricular postischemic function and metabolism in chronic right ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1987;76(5 Pt 2):V168–V173.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  63. 63.↵
    1. del Nido PJ,
    2. Mickle DA,
    3. Wilson GJ,
    4. Benson LN,
    5. Weisel RD,
    6. Coles JG,
    7. et al
    . Inadequate myocardial protection with cold cardioplegic arrest during repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988;95(2):223–229.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  64. 64.↵
    1. Caputo M,
    2. Mokhtari A,
    3. Miceli A,
    4. Ghorbel MT,
    5. Angelini GD,
    6. Parry AJ,
    7. et al
    . Controlled reoxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass decreases markers of organ damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress in single-ventricle patients undergoing pediatric heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014;148(3):792–801.e8; discussion 800-801.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  65. 65.↵
    1. Vilalta A,
    2. Sahuquillo J,
    3. Merino MA,
    4. Poca MA,
    5. Garnacho A,
    6. Martínez-Valverde T,
    7. Dronavalli M
    . Normobaric hyperoxia in traumatic brain injury: does brain metabolic state influence the response to hyperoxic challenge? J Neurotrauma 2011;28(7):1139–1148.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  66. 66.↵
    1. Moler FW,
    2. Meert K,
    3. Donaldson AE,
    4. Nadkarni V,
    5. Brilli RJ,
    6. Dalton HJ,
    7. et al
    . In-hospital versus out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care Med 2009;37(7):2259–2267.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  67. 67.↵
    1. Meaney PA,
    2. Nadkarni VM,
    3. Cook EF,
    4. Testa M,
    5. Helfaer M,
    6. Kaye W,
    7. et al
    . Higher survival rates among younger patients after pediatric intensive care unit cardiac arrests. Pediatrics 2006;118(6):2424–2433.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  68. 68.↵
    1. Davis PG,
    2. Tan A,
    3. O'Donnell CP,
    4. Schulze A
    . Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100% oxygen or air: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2004;364(9442):1329–1333.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  69. 69.↵
    1. Rabi Y,
    2. Rabi D,
    3. Yee W
    . Room air resuscitation of the depressed newborn: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 2007;72(3):353–363.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  70. 70.
    1. Saugstad OD,
    2. Ramji S,
    3. Soll RF,
    4. Vento M
    . Resuscitation of newborn infants with 21% or 100% oxygen: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Neonatology 2008;94(3):176–182.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  71. 71.↵
    1. Tan A,
    2. Schulze A,
    3. O'Donnell CP,
    4. Davis PG
    . Air versus oxygen for resuscitation of infants at birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(2):CD002273.
  72. 72.↵
    1. Harling AE,
    2. Beresford MW,
    3. Vince GS,
    4. Bates M,
    5. Yoxall CW
    . Does the use of 50% oxygen at birth in preterm infants reduce lung injury? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005;90(5):F401–F405.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  73. 73.↵
    1. Naumburg E,
    2. Bellocco R,
    3. Cnattingius S,
    4. Jonzon A,
    5. Ekbom A
    . Supplementary oxygen and risk of childhood lymphatic leukaemia. Acta Paediatr 2002;91(12):1328–1333.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  74. 74.↵
    1. Spector LG,
    2. Klebanoff MA,
    3. Feusner JH,
    4. Georgieff MK,
    5. Ross JA
    . Childhood cancer following neonatal oxygen supplementation. J Pediatr 2005;147(1):27–31.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  75. 75.↵
    1. Wyckoff MH,
    2. Aziz K,
    3. Escobedo MB,
    4. Kapadia VS,
    5. Kattwinkel J,
    6. Perlman JM,
    7. et al
    . Part 13: Neonatal Resuscitation: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care (reprint). Pediatrics 2015;136(Suppl 2):S196–S218.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  76. 76.↵
    1. Bennett KS,
    2. Clark AE,
    3. Meert KL,
    4. Topjian AA,
    5. Schleien CL,
    6. Shaffner DH,
    7. et al
    . Early oxygenation and ventilation measurements after pediatric cardiac arrest: lack of association with outcome. Crit Care Med 2013;41(6):1534–1542.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  77. 77.↵
    1. Ferguson LP,
    2. Durward A,
    3. Tibby SM
    . Relationship between arterial partial oxygen pressure after resuscitation from cardiac arrest and mortality in children. Circulation 2012;126(3):335–342.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  78. 78.↵
    1. Kilgannon JH,
    2. Jones AE,
    3. Shapiro NI,
    4. Angelos MG,
    5. Milcarek B,
    6. Hunter K,
    7. et al
    . Association between arterial hyperoxia following resuscitation from cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality. JAMA 2010;303(21):2165–2171.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  79. 79.↵
    1. Kilgannon JH,
    2. Jones AE,
    3. Parrillo JE,
    4. Dellinger RP,
    5. Milcarek B,
    6. Hunter K,
    7. et al
    . Relationship between supranormal oxygen tension and outcome after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Circulation 2011;123(23):2717–2722.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  80. 80.↵
    1. Bellomo R,
    2. Bailey M,
    3. Eastwood GM,
    4. Nichol A,
    5. Pilcher D,
    6. Hart GK,
    7. et al
    . Arterial hyperoxia and in-hospital mortality after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care 2011;15(2):R90.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  81. 81.↵
    1. Atkins DL,
    2. Berger S,
    3. Duff JP,
    4. Gonzales JC,
    5. Hunt EA,
    6. Joyner BL,
    7. et al
    . Part 11: Pediatric basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care (reprint). Pediatrics 2015;136(Suppl 2):S167–S175.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  82. 82.↵
    Copublishing of the Pediatric and Neonatal Portions of the 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations and the 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Pediatrics 2015;136(Suppl 2):S83–S87.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  83. 83.↵
    1. Davies P,
    2. Cheng D,
    3. Fox A,
    4. Lee L
    . The efficacy of noncontact oxygen delivery methods. Pediatrics 2002;110(5):964–967.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  84. 84.↵
    1. Myers TR
    , American Association for Respiratory Care. AARC clinical practice guideline: selection of an oxygen delivery device for neonatal and pediatric patients: 2002 revision and update. Respir Care 2002;47(6):707–716.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  85. 85.
    1. Cairo JM,
    2. Pilbeam SP
    . Mosby's Respiratory Care Equipment, 6th edition. St Louis, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier; 1999:58.
  86. 86.↵
    1. Whittaker K
    . Comprehensive perinatal and pediatric respiratory care, 3rd edition. Clifton Park, New York: Delmar Cengage Learning; 2001:260.
  87. 87.↵
    1. Finer NN,
    2. Bates R,
    3. Tomat P
    . Low flow oxygen delivery via nasal cannula to neonates. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996;21(1):48–51.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  88. 88.↵
    1. Wilkinson D,
    2. Andersen C,
    3. O'Donnell CP,
    4. De Paoli AG
    . High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(5):CD006405.
  89. 89.↵
    1. Dani C,
    2. Pratesi S,
    3. Migliori C,
    4. Bertini G
    . High flow nasal cannula therapy as respiratory support in the preterm infant. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009;44(7):629–634.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  90. 90.↵
    1. Holleman-Duray D,
    2. Kaupie D,
    3. Weiss MG
    . Heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula: use and a neonatal early extubation protocol. J Perinatol 2007;27(12):776–781.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  91. 91.↵
    1. Walsh BK,
    2. Brooks TM,
    3. Grenier BM
    . Oxygen therapy in the neonatal care environment. Respir Care 2009;54(9):1193–1202.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  92. 92.↵
    1. Sreenan C,
    2. Lemke RP,
    3. Hudson-Mason A,
    4. Osiovich H
    . High-flow nasal cannulae in the management of apnea of prematurity: a comparison with conventional nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Pediatrics 2001;107(5):1081–1083.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  93. 93.↵
    1. Locke RG,
    2. Wolfson MR,
    3. Shaffer TH,
    4. Rubenstein SD,
    5. Greenspan JS
    . Inadvertent administration of positive end-distending pressure during nasal cannula flow. Pediatrics 1993;91(1):135–138.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  94. 94.↵
    1. Spence KL,
    2. Murphy D,
    3. Kilian C,
    4. McGonigle R,
    5. Kilani RA
    . High-flow nasal cannula as a device to provide continuous positive airway pressure in infants. J Perinatol 2007;27(12):772–775.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  95. 95.↵
    1. Mayfield S,
    2. Jauncey-Cooke J,
    3. Hough JL,
    4. Schibler A,
    5. Gibbons K,
    6. Bogossian F
    . High-flow nasal cannula therapy for respiratory support in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(3):CD009850.
  96. 96.↵
    1. Beggs S,
    2. Wong ZH,
    3. Kaul S,
    4. Ogden KJ,
    5. Walters JA
    . High-flow nasal cannula therapy for infants with bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(1):CD009609.
  97. 97.↵
    1. Baudin F,
    2. Gagnon S,
    3. Crulli B,
    4. Proulx F,
    5. Jouvet P,
    6. Emeriaud G
    . Modalities and complications associated with the use of high-flow nasal cannula: experience in a pediatric ICU. Respir Care 2016;61(10):1305–1310.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  98. 98.↵
    1. Mikalsen IB,
    2. Davis P,
    3. Øymar K
    . High flow nasal cannula in children: a literature review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2016;24:93.
    OpenUrl
  99. 99.↵
    1. ten Brink F,
    2. Duke T,
    3. Evans J
    . High-flow nasal prong oxygen therapy or nasopharyngeal continuous positive airway pressure for children with moderate-to-severe respiratory distress? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013;14(7):e326–e331.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  100. 100.↵
    1. Pham TM,
    2. O'Malley L,
    3. Mayfield S,
    4. Martin S,
    5. Schibler A
    . The effect of high flow nasal cannula therapy on the work of breathing in infants with bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2015;50(7):713–720.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  101. 101.↵
    1. Lamb K,
    2. Piper D
    . Southmedic OxyMask compared with the Hudson RCI Non-Rebreather mask: safety and performance comparison. Can J Respir Ther 2016;52(1):13–15.
    OpenUrl
  102. 102.
    1. Paul JE,
    2. Hangan H,
    3. Hajgato J
    . The OxyMask development and performance in healthy volunteers. Med Devices (Auckl) 2009;2:9–17.
    OpenUrl
  103. 103.↵
    1. Beecroft JM,
    2. Hanly PJ
    . Comparison of the OxyMask and Venturi mask in the delivery of supplemental oxygen: pilot study in oxygen-dependent patients. Can Respir J 2006;13(5):247–252.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  104. 104.↵
    1. Schroeder AR,
    2. Marmor AK,
    3. Pantell RH,
    4. Newman TB
    . Impact of pulse oximetry and oxygen therapy on length of stay in bronchiolitis hospitalizations. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158(6):527–530.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  105. 105.↵
    1. Quinonez RA,
    2. Garber MD,
    3. Schroeder AR,
    4. Alverson BK,
    5. Nickel W,
    6. Goldstein J,
    7. et al
    . Choosing wisely in pediatric hospital medicine: five opportunities for improved healthcare value. J Hosp Med 2013;8(9):479–485.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  106. 106.↵
    1. McCulloh R,
    2. Koster M,
    3. Ralston S,
    4. Johnson M,
    5. Hill V,
    6. Koehn K,
    7. et al
    . Use of intermittent vs continuous pulse oximetry for nonhypoxemic infants and young children hospitalized for bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2015;169(10):898–904.
    OpenUrl
  107. 107.↵
    1. Claure N,
    2. Bancalari E
    . Automated closed loop control of inspired oxygen concentration. Respir Care 2013;58(1):151–161.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  108. 108.↵
    1. Zapata J,
    2. Gómez JJ,
    3. Araque Campo R,
    4. Matiz Rubio A,
    5. Sola A
    . A randomised controlled trial of an automated oxygen delivery algorithm for preterm neonates receiving supplemental oxygen without mechanical ventilation. Acta Paediatr 2014;103(9):928–933.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  109. 109.↵
    1. Hallenberger A,
    2. Poets CF,
    3. Horn W,
    4. Seyfang A,
    5. Urschitz MS
    , CLAC Study Group. Closed-loop automatic oxygen control (CLAC) in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2014;133(2):e379–e385.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  110. 110.↵
    1. Lellouche F,
    2. L'her E
    . Automated oxygen flow titration to maintain constant oxygenation. Respir Care 2012;57(8):1254–1262.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  111. 111.↵
    1. Jaber S,
    2. Molinari N,
    3. De Jong A
    . New method of preoxygenation for orotracheal intubation in patients with hypoxaemic acute respiratory failure in the intensive care unit, non-invasive ventilation combined with apnoeic oxygenation by high flow nasal oxygen: the randomised OPTINIV study protocol. BMJ Open 2016;6(8):e011298-.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  112. 112.↵
    1. Simon M,
    2. Wachs C,
    3. Braune S,
    4. de Heer G,
    5. Frings D,
    6. Kluge S
    . High-flow nasal cannula oxygen versus bag-valve-mask for preoxygenation before intubation in subjects with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Respir Care 2016;61(9):1160–1167.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  113. 113.↵
    1. Kheir JN,
    2. Scharp LA,
    3. Borden MA,
    4. Swanson EJ,
    5. Loxley A,
    6. Reese JH,
    7. et al
    . Oxygen gas-filled microparticles provide intravenous oxygen delivery. Sci Transl Med 2012;4(140):140ra88.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Respiratory Care: 62 (6)
Respiratory Care
Vol. 62, Issue 6
1 Jun 2017
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author

 

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Association for Respiratory Care.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Pediatric Oxygen Therapy: A Review and Update
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Association for Respiratory Care
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Association for Respiratory Care web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Pediatric Oxygen Therapy: A Review and Update
Brian K Walsh, Craig D Smallwood
Respiratory Care Jun 2017, 62 (6) 645-661; DOI: 10.4187/respcare.05245

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero

Share
Pediatric Oxygen Therapy: A Review and Update
Brian K Walsh, Craig D Smallwood
Respiratory Care Jun 2017, 62 (6) 645-661; DOI: 10.4187/respcare.05245
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Assessment of Inadequate Oxygen Delivery
    • Indications
    • Contraindications
    • Goals of Oxygen Therapy
    • Physical Effects of Oxygen
    • Physiologic Effects of Oxygen Therapy
    • Oxygen Toxicity
    • Oxygen Delivery Devices
    • Monitoring of Oxygen Therapy
    • Home Environment
    • Preparation of Oxygen
    • Future
    • Summary
    • Discussion
    • Footnotes
    • References
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

Cited By...

Keywords

  • oxygen delivery
  • oxygen therapy
  • oxygen
  • oxygen review
  • pediatric
  • gas therapy

Info For

  • Subscribers
  • Institutions
  • Advertisers

About Us

  • About the Journal
  • Editorial Board
  • Reprints/Permissions

AARC

  • Membership
  • Meetings
  • Clinical Practice Guidelines

More

  • Contact Us
  • RSS
American Association for Respiratory Care

Print ISSN: 0020-1324        Online ISSN: 1943-3654

© Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.

Powered by HighWire