Ventilation and Oxygenation During and After Adult Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Changing Paradigms

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   1. Wong MK,
   2. Morrison LJ,
   3. Qiu F,
   4. Austin PC,
   5. Cheskes S,
   6. Dorian P,
   7. et al

   . Trends in short- and long-term survival among out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients alive at hospital arrival. Circulation 2014;130(21):1883-1890.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
2. 2.↵
   1. Tsao CW,
   2. Aday AW,
   3. Almarzooq ZI,
   4. Alonso A,
   5. Beaton AZ,
   6. Bittencourt MS,
   7. et al

   . Heart disease and stroke statistics-2022 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2022;145(8):e153-e639.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
3. 3.↵
   1. Wyckoff MH,
   2. Greif R,
   3. Morley PT,
   4. Ng K-C,
   5. Olasveengen TM,
   6. Singletary EM,
   7. et al

   ; Collaborators. 2022 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations: summary from the basic life support; advanced life support; pediatric life support; neonatal life support; education, implementation, and teams; and first aid task forces. Resuscitation 2022;181:208-288.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   1. Hessulf F,
   2. Herlitz J,
   3. Rawshani A,
   4. Aune S,
   5. Israelsson J,
   6. Södersved-Källestedt M-L,
   7. et al

   . Adherence to guidelines is associated with improved survival following in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2020;155:13-21.

   OpenUrlPubMed
5. 5.↵
   1. Girotra S,
   2. Nallamothu BK,
   3. Spertus JA,
   4. Li Y,
   5. Krumholz HM,
   6. Chan PS

   ; American Heart Association Get with the Guidelines–Resuscitation Investigators. Trends in survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2012;367(20):1912-1920.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. 6.↵
   1. Hessulf F,
   2. Karlsson T,
   3. Lundgren P,
   4. Aune S,
   5. Strömsöe A,
   6. Södersved Källestedt M-L,
   7. et al

   . Factors of importance to 30-day survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden – A population-based register study of more than 18,000 cases. Int J Cardiol 2018;255:237-242.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   1. Gazmuri RJ,
   2. Ayoub I

   . Ventilation during CPR: a challenge to guidelines and a call for research on lingering scientific gaps. Resuscitation 2023;187:109811.

   OpenUrlPubMed
8. 8.↵
   1. Cordioli RL,
   2. Grieco DL,
   3. Charbonney E,
   4. Richard J-C,
   5. Savary D

   . New physiological insights in ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2019;25(1):37-44.

   OpenUrlPubMed
9. 9.↵
   1. Kleinman ME,
   2. Brennan EE,
   3. Goldberger ZD,
   4. Swor RA,
   5. Terry M,
   6. Bobrow BJ,
   7. et al

   . Part 5: adult basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2015;132(18 Suppl 2):S414-S435.

   OpenUrlFREE Full Text
10. 10.↵
    1. Link MS,
    2. Berkow LC,
    3. Kudenchuk PJ,
    4. Halperin HR,
    5. Hess EP,
    6. Moitra VK,
    7. et al

    . Part 7: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 2015;132(18 Suppl 2):S444-464.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
11. 11.↵
    1. Aufderheide TP,
    2. Lurie KG

    . Death by hyperventilation: a common and life-threatening problem during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2004;32(9 Suppl):S345-351.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    1. Aufderheide TP,
    2. Sigurdsson G,
    3. Pirrallo RG,
    4. Yannopoulos D,
    5. McKnite S,
    6. von Briesen C,
    7. et al

    . Hyperventilation-induced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 2004;109(16):1960-1965.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
13. 13.↵
    1. Neth MR,
    2. Idris A,
    3. McMullan J,
    4. Benoit JL,
    5. Daya MR

    . A review of ventilation in adult out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2020;1(3):190-201.

    OpenUrlPubMed
14. 14.↵
    1. Wenzel V,
    2. Idris AH,
    3. Banner MJ,
    4. Kubilis PS,
    5. Williams JLJ

    . Influence of tidal volume on the distribution of gas between the lungs and stomach in the non-intubated patient receiving positive-pressure ventilation. Crit Care Med 1998;26(2):364-368.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. 15.↵
    1. Naito H,
    2. Hanafusa H,
    3. Hongo T,
    4. Yumoto T,
    5. Yorifuji T,
    6. Weissman A,
    7. et al

    . Effect of stomach inflation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on return of spontaneous circulation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: a retrospective observational study. Resuscitation 2023;193:109994.

    OpenUrlPubMed
16. 16.↵
    1. Singer M,
    2. Young PJ,
    3. Laffey JG,
    4. Asfar P,
    5. Taccone FS,
    6. Skrifvars MB,
    7. et al

    . Dangers of hyperoxia. Crit Care 2021;25(1):440.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    1. Hochberg CH,
    2. Semler MW,
    3. Brower RG

    . Oxygen toxicity in critically ill adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021;204(6):632-641.

    OpenUrlPubMed
18. 18.↵
    1. Patel JK,
    2. Kataya A,
    3. Parikh PB

    . Association between intra- and post-arrest hyperoxia on mortality in adults with cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 2018;127:83-88.

    OpenUrlPubMed
19. 19.↵
    1. Wang C-H,
    2. Chang W-T,
    3. Huang C-H,
    4. Tsai M-S,
    5. Yu P-H,
    6. Wang A-Y,
    7. et al

    . The effect of hyperoxia on survival following adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Resuscitation 2014;85(9):1142-1148.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
20. 20.↵
    1. Callaway CW,
    2. Soar J,
    3. Aibiki M,
    4. Böttiger BW,
    5. Brooks SC,
    6. Deakin CD,
    7. et al

    ; Advanced Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 4: advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation 2015;132(16 Suppl 1):S84-145.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
21. 21.↵
    1. Panchal AR,
    2. Bartos JA,
    3. Cabañas JG,
    4. Donnino MW,
    5. Drennan IR,
    6. Hirsch KG,
    7. et al

    ; Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support Writing Group. Part 3: adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 2020;142(16_suppl_2):S366-S468.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
22. 22.↵
    1. Panchal AR,
    2. Berg KM,
    3. Hirsch KG,
    4. Kudenchuk PJ,
    5. Del Rios M,
    6. Cabañas JG,
    7. et al

    . 2019 American Heart Association focused update on advanced cardiovascular life support: use of advanced airways, vasopressors, and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation during cardiac arrest: an update to the American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 2019;140(24):e881-e894.

    OpenUrlPubMed
23. 23.↵
    1. Travers AH,
    2. Perkins GD,
    3. Berg RA,
    4. Castren M,
    5. Considine J,
    6. Escalante R,
    7. et al

    ; Basic Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 3: adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 2015;95:e43-e69.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
24. 24.↵
    1. Olasveengen TM,
    2. De Caen AR,
    3. Mancini ME,
    4. Maconochie IK,
    5. Aickin R,
    6. Atkins DL,
    7. et al

    ; ILCOR Collaborators. 2017 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations summary. Resuscitation 2017;121:201-214.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
25. 25.↵
    1. Olasveengen TM,
    2. Mancini ME,
    3. Perkins GD,
    4. Avis S,
    5. Brooks S,
    6. Castrén M,
    7. et al

    ; Adult Basic Life Support Collaborators. Adult basic life support: 2020 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 2020;156:A35-A79.

    OpenUrlPubMed
26. 26.↵
    1. Soar J,
    2. Maconochie I,
    3. Wyckoff MH,
    4. Olasveengen TM,
    5. Singletary EM,
    6. Greif R,
    7. et al

    . 2019 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations: summary from the basic life support; advanced life support; pediatric life support; neonatal life support; education, implementation, and teams; and first aid task forces. Circulation 2019;140(24):e826-e880.

    OpenUrlPubMed
27. 27.↵
    1. Wyckoff MH,
    2. Singletary EM,
    3. Soar J,
    4. Olasveengen TM,
    5. Greif R,
    6. Liley HG,
    7. et al

    . 2021 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations: summary from the basic life support; advanced life support; neonatal life support; education, implementation, and teams; first aid task forces; and the COVID-19 Working Group. Circulation 2022;145(9):e645-e721.

    OpenUrlPubMed
28. 28.↵
    1. Nolan JP,
    2. Maconochie I,
    3. Soar J,
    4. Olasveengen TM,
    5. Greif R,
    6. Wyckoff MH,
    7. et al

    . Executive summary: 2020 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation 2020;142(16_suppl_1):S2-S27.

    OpenUrlPubMed
29. 29.↵
    1. Berg KM,
    2. Bray JE,
    3. Ng K-C,
    4. Liley HG,
    5. Greif R,
    6. Carlson JN,
    7. et al

    ; Collaborators. 2023 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations: summary from the basic life support; advanced life support; pediatric life support; neonatal life support; education, implementation, and teams; and first aid task forces. Circulation 2023;148(24):e187-e280.

    OpenUrlPubMed
30. 30.↵
    1. Berg KM,
    2. Soar J,
    3. Andersen LW,
    4. Böttiger BW,
    5. Cacciola S,
    6. Callaway CW,
    7. et al

    ; Adult Advanced Life Support Collaborators. Adult advanced life support: 2020 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation 2020;142(16_suppl_1):S92-S139.

    OpenUrlPubMed
31. 31.↵
    1. Soar J,
    2. Berg KM,
    3. Andersen LW,
    4. Böttiger BW,
    5. Cacciola S,
    6. Callaway CW,
    7. et al

    ; Adult Advanced Life Support Collaborators. Adult advanced life support: 2020 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 2020;156:A80-A119.

    OpenUrlPubMed
32. 32.↵
    1. Lurie KG,
    2. Nemergut EC,
    3. Yannopoulos D,
    4. Sweeney M

    . The physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesth Analg 2016;122(3):767-783.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
33. 33.↵
    1. Yannopoulos D,
    2. Tang W,
    3. Roussos C,
    4. Aufderheide TP,
    5. Idris AH,
    6. Lurie KG

    . Reducing ventilation frequency during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Respir Care 2005;50(5):628-635.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
34. 34.↵
    1. Markstaller K,
    2. Rudolph A,
    3. Karmrodt J,
    4. Gervais HW,
    5. Goetz R,
    6. Becher A,
    7. et al

    . Effect of chest compressions only during experimental basic life support on alveolar collapse and recruitment. Resuscitation 2008;79(1):125-132.

    OpenUrlPubMed
35. 35.↵
    1. Lurie KG,
    2. Yannopoulos D,
    3. McKnite SH,
    4. Herman ML,
    5. Idris AH,
    6. Nadkarni VM,
    7. et al

    . Comparison of a 10-breaths-per-minute versus a 2-breaths-per-minute strategy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Respir Care 2008;53(7):862-870.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
36. 36.↵
    1. O’Neill JF,
    2. Deakin CD

    . Do we hyperventilate cardiac arrest patients? Resuscitation 2007;73(1):82-85.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
37. 37.
    1. Maertens VL,
    2. De Smedt LEG,
    3. Lemoyne S,
    4. Huybrechts SAM,
    5. Wouters K,
    6. Kalmar AF,
    7. et al

    . Patients with cardiac arrest are ventilated two times faster than guidelines recommend: an observational prehospital study using tracheal pressure measurement. Resuscitation 2013;84(7):921-926.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
38. 38.↵
    1. Vissers G,
    2. Duchatelet C,
    3. Huybrechts SA,
    4. Wouters K,
    5. Hachimi-Idrissi S,
    6. Monsieurs KG

    . The effect of ventilation rate on outcome in adults receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2019;138:243-249.

    OpenUrlPubMed
39. 39.↵
    1. Abella BS,
    2. Alvarado JP,
    3. Myklebust H,
    4. Edelson DP,
    5. Barry A,
    6. O’Hearn N,
    7. et al

    . Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 2005;293(3):305-310.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
40. 40.↵
    1. Abella BS,
    2. Edelson DP,
    3. Kim S,
    4. Retzer E,
    5. Myklebust H,
    6. Barry AM,
    7. et al

    . CPR quality improvement during in-hospital cardiac arrest using a real-time audiovisual feedback system. Resuscitation 2007;73(1):54-61.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
41. 41.↵
    1. Yannopoulos D,
    2. Sigurdsson G,
    3. McKnite S,
    4. Benditt D,
    5. Lurie KG

    . Reducing ventilation frequency combined with an inspiratory impedance device improves CPR efficiency in swine model of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2004;61(1):75-82.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
42. 42.↵
    1. Yannopoulos D,
    2. Aufderheide TP,
    3. Gabrielli A,
    4. Beiser DG,
    5. McKnite SH,
    6. Pirrallo RG,
    7. et al

    . Clinical and hemodynamic comparison of 15:2 and 30:2 compression-to-ventilation ratios for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2006;34(5):1444-1449.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
43. 43.↵
    1. Hayes MM,
    2. Ewy GA,
    3. Anavy ND,
    4. Hilwig RW,
    5. Sanders AB,
    6. Berg RA,
    7. et al

    . Continuous passive oxygen insufflation results in a similar outcome to positive pressure ventilation in a swine model of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 2007;74(2):357-365.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
44. 44.↵
    1. Hwang SO,
    2. Kim SH,
    3. Kim H,
    4. Jang YS,
    5. Zhao PG,
    6. Lee KH,
    7. et al

    . Comparison of 15:1, 15:2, and 30:2 compression-to-ventilation ratios for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a canine model of a simulated, witnessed cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med 2008;15(2):183-189.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
45. 45.↵
    1. Gazmuri RJ,
    2. Ayoub IM,
    3. Radhakrishnan J,
    4. Motl J,
    5. Upadhyaya MP

    . Clinically plausible hyperventilation does not exert adverse hemodynamic effects during CPR but markedly reduces end-tidal P_CO2. Resuscitation 2012;83(2):259-264.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
46. 46.↵
    1. Prause G,
    2. Zoidl P,
    3. Eichinger M,
    4. Eichlseder M,
    5. Orlob S,
    6. Ruhdorfer F,
    7. et al

    . Mechanical ventilation with 10 versus 20 breaths per minute during cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Resuscitation 2023;187:109765.

    OpenUrlPubMed
47. 47.↵
    1. Vissers G,
    2. Soar J,
    3. Monsieurs KG

    . Ventilation rate in adults with a tracheal tube during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review. Resuscitation 2017;119:5-12.

    OpenUrlPubMed
48. 48.↵
    1. Berg RA,
    2. Hemphill R,
    3. Abella BS,
    4. Aufderheide TP,
    5. Cave DM,
    6. Hazinski MF,
    7. et al

    . Part 5: adult basic life support. Circulation 2010;122(18 Suppl 3):S685-S705.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
49. 49.↵
    1. Wenzel V,
    2. Keller C,
    3. Idris AH,
    4. Dörges V,
    5. Lindner KH,
    6. Brimacombe JR

    . Effects of smaller tidal volumes during basic life support ventilation in patients with respiratory arrest: good ventilation, less risk? Resuscitation 1999;43(1):25-29.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
50. 50.↵
    1. Dörges V,
    2. Ocker H,
    3. Hagelberg S,
    4. Wenzel V,
    5. Schmucker P

    . Optimization of tidal volumes given with self-inflatable bags without additional oxygen. Resuscitation 2000;43(3):195-199.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
51. 51.↵
    1. Fitz-Clarke JR

    . Effect of tidal volume on gas exchange during rescue ventilation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020;273:103335.

    OpenUrlPubMed
52. 52.↵
    1. Ruemmler R,
    2. Ziebart A,
    3. Moellmann C,
    4. Garcia-Bardon A,
    5. Kamuf J,
    6. Kuropka F,
    7. et al

    . Ultralow tidal volume ventilation-A novel and effective ventilation strategy during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2018;132:56-62.

    OpenUrlPubMed
53. 53.↵
    1. Neumar RW

    . Optimal oxygenation during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2011;17(3):236-240.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
54. 54.↵
    1. Kilgannon JH,
    2. Jones AE,
    3. Shapiro NI,
    4. Angelos MG,
    5. Milcarek B,
    6. Hunter K,
    7. et al

    ; Emergency Medicine Shock Research Network (EMShockNet) Investigators. Association between arterial hyperoxia following resuscitation from cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality. JAMA 2010;303(21):2165-2171.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
55. 55.↵
    1. Spindelboeck W,
    2. Schindler O,
    3. Moser A,
    4. Hausler F,
    5. Wallner S,
    6. Strasser C,
    7. et al

    . Increasing arterial oxygen partial pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with improved rates of hospital admission. Resuscitation 2013;84(6):770-775.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
56. 56.↵
    1. Spindelboeck W,
    2. Gemes G,
    3. Strasser C,
    4. Toescher K,
    5. Kores B,
    6. Metnitz P,
    7. et al

    . Arterial blood gases during and their dynamic changes after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective clinical study. Resuscitation 2016;106:24-29.

    OpenUrlPubMed
57. 57.↵
    1. Nelskylä A,
    2. Nurmi J,
    3. Jousi M,
    4. Schramko A,
    5. Mervaala E,
    6. Ristagno G,
    7. et al

    . The effect of 50% compared to 100% inspired oxygen fraction on brain oxygenation and post–cardiac arrest mitochondrial function in experimental cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2017;116:1-7.

    OpenUrlPubMed
58. 58.↵
    1. Sandroni C,
    2. De Santis P,
    3. D’Arrigo S

    . Capnography during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2018;132:73-77.

    OpenUrlPubMed
59. 59.↵
    1. Pokorná M,
    2. Necas E,
    3. Kratochvíl J,
    4. Skripský R,
    5. Andrlík M,
    6. Franek O

    . A sudden increase in partial pressure end-tidal carbon dioxide (P_ETCO2) at the moment of return of spontaneous circulation. J Emerg Med 2010;38(5):614-621.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
60. 60.↵
    1. Lui CT,
    2. Poon KM,
    3. Tsui KL

    . Abrupt rise of end-tidal carbon dioxide level was a specific but nonsensitive marker of return of spontaneous circulation in patient with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016;104:53-58.

    OpenUrlPubMed
61. 61.↵
    1. Sheak KR,
    2. Wiebe DJ,
    3. Leary M,
    4. Babaeizadeh S,
    5. Yuen TC,
    6. Zive D,
    7. et al

    . Quantitative relationship between end-tidal carbon dioxide and CPR quality during both in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2015;89:149-154.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
62. 62.↵
    1. Leturiondo M,
    2. Gauna S. D,
    3. Ruiz JM,
    4. Gutiérrez JJ,
    5. Leturiondo LA,
    6. González-Otero DM,
    7. et al

    . Influence of chest compression artefact on capnogram-based ventilation detection during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2018;124:63-68.

    OpenUrlPubMed
63. 63.↵
    1. Aramendi E,
    2. Elola A,
    3. Alonso E,
    4. Irusta U,
    5. Daya M,
    6. Russell JK,
    7. et al

    . Feasibility of the capnogram to monitor ventilation rate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2017;110:162-168.

    OpenUrlPubMed
64. 64.↵
    1. Leturiondo M,
    2. Julio Gutierrez J,
    3. Ruiz De Gauna S,
    4. Ruiz J,
    5. Alberto Leturiondo L,
    6. Knox Russell J,
    7. et al

    . A method to suppress chest compression artifact enhancing capnography-based ventilation guidance during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Computing in Cardiology 2018(45).
65. 65.↵
    1. Cordioli RL,
    2. Brochard L,
    3. Suppan L,
    4. Lyazidi A,
    5. Templier F,
    6. Khoury A,
    7. et al

    . How ventilation is delivered during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an international survey. Respir Care 2018;63(10):1293-1301.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
66. 66.↵
    1. Wright N,
    2. Lin Y,
    3. Cheng A

    . How is quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation being assessed? A national survey of Canadian emergency medicine physicians. CJEM 2019;21(6):744-748.

    OpenUrlPubMed
67. 67.↵
    1. Neth MR,
    2. Benoit JL,
    3. Stolz U,
    4. McMullan J

    . Ventilation in simulated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation rarely meets guidelines. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(5):712-720.

    OpenUrlPubMed
68. 68.↵
    1. Scott JB,
    2. Schneider JM,
    3. Schneider K,
    4. Li J

    . An evaluation of manual tidal volume and respiratory rate delivery during simulated resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 2021;45:446-450.

    OpenUrlPubMed
69. 69.↵
    1. Charlton K,
    2. McClelland G,
    3. Millican K,
    4. Haworth D,
    5. Aitken-Fell P,
    6. Norton M

    . The impact of introducing real-time feedback on ventilation rate and tidal volume by ambulance clinicians in the northeast in cardiac arrest simulations. Resusc Plus 2021;6:100130.

    OpenUrlPubMed
70. 70.↵
    1. Jones B,
    2. Aiello S,
    3. Govender K,
    4. Shaw B,
    5. Tseng B,
    6. Dawad Z,
    7. et al

    . The impact of a ventilation timing light on CPR Quality: a randomized crossover study. Resusc Plus 2023;14:100404.

    OpenUrlPubMed
71. 71.↵
    1. You KM,
    2. Lee C,
    3. Kwon WY,
    4. Lee JC,
    5. Suh GJ,
    6. Kim KS,
    7. et al

    . Real-time tidal volume feedback guides optimal ventilation during simulated CPR. Am J Emerg Med 2017;35(2):292-298.

    OpenUrlPubMed
72. 72.↵
    1. Kim JW,
    2. Park SO,
    3. Lee KR,
    4. Hong DY,
    5. Baek KJ

    . Efficacy of Amflow, a real-time-portable feedback device for delivering appropriate ventilation in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled, crossover simulation study. Emerg Med Int 2020;2020:e5296519.

    OpenUrl
73. 73.↵
    1. Lyngby RM,
    2. Clark L,
    3. Kjoelbye JS,
    4. Oelrich RM,
    5. Silver A,
    6. Christensen HC,
    7. et al

    . Higher resuscitation guideline adherence in paramedics with use of real-time ventilation feedback during simulated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Resusc Plus 2021;5:100082.

    OpenUrlPubMed
74. 74.↵
    1. Khoury A,
    2. De Luca A,
    3. Sall FS,
    4. Pazart L,
    5. Capellier G

    . Ventilation feedback device for manual ventilation in simulated respiratory arrest: a crossover manikin study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2019;27(1):93.

    OpenUrlPubMed
75. 75.↵
    1. Sahu AK,
    2. Timilsina G,
    3. Mathew R,
    4. Jamshed N,
    5. Aggarwal P

    . “Six-dial Strategy”–mechanical ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(6):487-489.

    OpenUrlPubMed
76. 76.↵
    1. Tangpaisarn T,
    2. Tosibphanom J,
    3. Sata R,
    4. Kotruchin P,
    5. Drumheller B,
    6. Phungoen P

    . The effects of mechanical versus bag-valve ventilation on gas exchange during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in emergency department patients: a randomized controlled trial (CPR-VENT). Resuscitation 2023;193:109966.

    OpenUrlPubMed
77. 77.↵
    1. Neumar RW,
    2. Nolan JP,
    3. Adrie C,
    4. Aibiki M,
    5. Berg RA,
    6. Böttiger BW,
    7. et al

    . Post–cardiac arrest syndrome. Circulation 2008;118(23):2452-2483.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
78. 78.↵
    1. Hirsch KG,
    2. Abella BS,
    3. Amorim E,
    4. Bader MK,
    5. Barletta JF,
    6. Berg K,
    7. et al

    ; American Heart Association and Neurocritical Care Society. Critical care management of patients after cardiac arrest: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and Neurocritical Care Society. Circulation 2024;149(2):e168-e200.

    OpenUrlPubMed
79. 79.↵
    1. Johnson NJ,
    2. Carlbom DJ,
    3. Gaieski DF

    . Ventilator management and respiratory care after cardiac arrest: oxygenation, ventilation, infection, and injury. Chest 2018;153(6):1466-1477.

    OpenUrlPubMed
80. 80.↵
    1. Buunk G,
    2. van der Hoeven JG,
    3. Meinders AE,
    4. Frölich M

    . Cerebral vasoconstriction in comatose patients resuscitated from a cardiac arrest? Intensive Care Med 1996;22(11):1191-1196.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
81. 81.↵
    1. Sundgreen C,
    2. Larsen FS,
    3. Herzog TM,
    4. Knudsen GM,
    5. Boesgaard S,
    6. Aldershvile J

    . Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Stroke 2001;32(1):128-132.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
82. 82.↵
    1. Battaglini D,
    2. Pelosi P,
    3. Robba C

    . Ten rules for optimizing ventilatory settings and targets in post–cardiac arrest patients. Crit Care 2022;26(1):390.

    OpenUrlPubMed
83. 83.↵
    1. Vereczki V,
    2. Martin E,
    3. Rosenthal RE,
    4. Hof PR,
    5. Hoffman GE,
    6. Fiskum G

    . Normoxic resuscitation after cardiac arrest protects against hippocampal oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, and neuronal death. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006;26(6):821-835.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
84. 84.↵
    1. Nolan JP,
    2. Soar J,
    3. Cariou A,
    4. Cronberg T,
    5. Moulaert VRM,
    6. Deakin CD,
    7. et al

    ; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine 2015 guidelines for post–resuscitation care. Intensive Care Med 2015;41(12):2039-2056.

    OpenUrlPubMed
85. 85.↵
    1. Johnson NJ,
    2. Caldwell E,
    3. Carlbom DJ,
    4. Gaieski DF,
    5. Prekker ME,
    6. Rea TD,
    7. et al

    . The acute respiratory distress syndrome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. Resuscitation 2019;135:37-44.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
86. 86.↵
    1. Shih JA,
    2. Robertson HK,
    3. Issa MS,
    4. Grossestreuer AV,
    5. Donnino MW,
    6. Berg KM,
    7. et al

    . Acute respiratory distress syndrome after in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2022;177:78-84.

    OpenUrlPubMed
87. 87.↵
    1. Hope Kilgannon J,
    2. Hunter BR,
    3. Puskarich MA,
    4. Shea L,
    5. Fuller BM,
    6. Jones C,
    7. et al

    . Partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide after resuscitation from cardiac arrest and neurological outcome: a prospective multi-center protocol-directed cohort study. Resuscitation 2019;135:212-220.

    OpenUrlPubMed
88. 88.↵
    1. Vaahersalo J,
    2. Bendel S,
    3. Reinikainen M,
    4. Kurola J,
    5. Tiainen M,
    6. Raj R,
    7. et al

    ; FINNRESUSCI Study Group. Arterial blood gas tensions after resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: associations with long-term neurologic outcome. Crit Care Med 2014;42(6):1463-1470.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
89. 89.↵
    1. Wang HE,
    2. Prince DK,
    3. Drennan IR,
    4. Grunau B,
    5. Carlbom DJ,
    6. Johnson N,
    7. et al

    ; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators. Post-resuscitation arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide and outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2017;120:113-118.

    OpenUrlPubMed
90. 90.↵
    1. Roberts BW,
    2. Kilgannon JH,
    3. Chansky ME,
    4. Mittal N,
    5. Wooden J,
    6. Trzeciak S

    . Association between post-resuscitation partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and neurological outcome in patients with post–cardiac arrest syndrome. Circulation 2013;127(21):2107-2113.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
91. 91.↵
    1. Eastwood G,
    2. Nichol AD,
    3. Hodgson C,
    4. Parke RL,
    5. McGuinness S,
    6. Nielsen N,
    7. et al

    ; TAME Study Investigators. Mild hypercapnia or normocapnia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2023;389(1):45-57.

    OpenUrlPubMed
92. 92.↵
    1. Jakkula P,
    2. Reinikainen M,
    3. Hästbacka J,
    4. Loisa P,
    5. Tiainen M,
    6. Pettilä V,
    7. et al

    ; COMACARE study group. Targeting two different levels of both arterial carbon dioxide and arterial oxygen after cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a randomized pilot trial. Intensive Care Med 2018;44(12):2112-2121.

    OpenUrlPubMed
93. 93.↵
    1. Schmidt H,
    2. Kjaergaard J,
    3. Hassager C,
    4. Mølstrøm S,
    5. Grand J,
    6. Borregaard B,
    7. et al

    . Oxygen targets in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2022;387(16):1467-1476.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
94. 94.↵
    The ICU-ROX Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. Conservative oxygen therapy during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2020;382(11):989-998.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed