RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 The Effects of Low and High Tidal Volume and Pentoxifylline on Intestinal Blood Flow and Leukocyte-Endothelial Interactions in Mechanically Ventilated Rats
JF Respiratory Care
FD American Association for Respiratory Care
SP 1942
OP 1949
DO 10.4187/respcare.01183
VO 56
IS 12
A1 Priscila Aikawa
A1 Haibo Zhang
A1 Carmen SV Barbas
A1 Rogério Pazetti
A1 Cristiano Correia
A1 Thaís Mauad
A1 Eliézer Silva
A1 Paulina Sannomiya
A1 Luiz F Poli-de-Figueiredo
A1 Naomi Kondo Nakagawa
YR 2011
UL http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/56/12/1942.abstract
AB BACKGROUND: The combination of high PEEP and low tidal volume (VT) decreases some risks of mechanical ventilation, including pulmonary overdistention, damage due to cyclic opening and closing of the alveoli, and inflammatory responses that can lead to multiple-organ dysfunction. We hypothesized that high VT and high PEEP induce mesenteric microcirculatory disturbances and that those disturbances would be attenuated by pentoxifylline, which is anti-inflammatory. METHODS: We anesthetized (isoflurane 1.5%), tracheostomized, and mechanically ventilated 57 male Wistar rats with PEEP of 10 cm H2O and FIO2 of 0.21 for 2 hours. One group received low VT (7 mL/kg), another group received high VT (10 mL/kg), and a third group received high VT plus pentoxifylline (25 mg/kg). We measured mean arterial pressure, respiratory mechanics, mesenteric blood flow, and leukocyte-endothelial interactions. RESULTS: The mean arterial pressure was similar among the groups at baseline (108 mm Hg [IQR 94–118 mm Hg]) and after 2 hours of mechanical ventilation (104 mm Hg [IQR 90–114 mm Hg]). Mesenteric blood flow was also similar between the groups: low VT 15.1 mL/min (IQR 12.4–17.7 mL/min), high VT 11.3 mL/min (IQR 8.6–13.8 mL/min), high-VT/pentoxifylline 12.4 mL/min (10.8–13.7 mL/min). Peak airway pressure after 2 hours was lower (P = .03) in the low-VT group (10.4 cm H2O [IQR 10.2–10.4 cm H2O]) than in the high-VT group (12.6 cm H2O [10.2–14.9 cm H2O]) or the high-VT/pentoxifylline group (12.8 cm H2O [10.7–16.0 cm H2O]). There were fewer adherent leukocytes (P = .005) and fewer migrated leukocytes (P = .002) in the low-VT group (5 cells/100 μm length [IQR 4–7 cells/100 μm length] and 1 cell/5,000 μm2 [IQR 1–2 cells/5,000 μm2], respectively) and the high-VT/pentoxifylline group (5 cells/100 μm length [IQR 3–10 cells/100 μm length] and 1 cell/5,000 μm2 [IQR 1–3 cells/5,000 μm2], respectively) than in the high-VT group (14 cells/100 μm length [IQR 11–16 cells/100 μm length] and 9 cells/5,000 μm2 [IQR 8–12 cells/5,000 μm2], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Low VT with high PEEP was lung-protective, and early pentoxifylline reduced the inflammatory response to high VT with high PEEP (and presumed lung overdistention) during mechanical ventilation.