Percentage of inhaled dose delivered through tracheostomy tube via in-line VMN at proximal and distal placement with HHHF in various conditions

Interface	Flow (L/min)	Inhaled dose based on nebulizer placement, %		P value
Interface	Flow (L/min)	Proximal	Distal	P value
Trach adaptor	15	15.4 ± 1.4	23.8 ± 1.1	.009
	30	9.0 ± .7	11.5 ± .8	.009
	45	3.7 ± .9	6.8 ± 1.2	.009
	P value	.002	.002
Trach collar	15	16.4 ± 2.1	21.3 ± 1.9	.009
	30	13.2 ± 1.1	8.7 ± .8	.009
	45	8.8 ± .9	5.4 ± .8	.009
	P value	.003	.002

Values are presented as mean±SD%; VMN: vibrating mesh nebulizer; HHHF: heated humidified high-flow therapy; Distal: VMN placed near the humidifier; Proximal: VMN placed near the airway.