Abstract
Objective
To determine intensive care nurses' knowledge of evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
Design
A survey using a validated multiple-choice questionnaire, developed to evaluate nurses' knowledge of VAP prevention. The questionnaire was distributed and collected during the annual congress of the Flemish Society for Critical Care Nurses (Ghent, November 2005). Demographic data included were gender, years of intensive care experience, number of critical beds, and whether respondents hold a special degree in emergency and intensive care.
Main results
We collected 638 questionnaires (response rate 74.6%). Nineteen percent of the respondents recognized the oral route as the recommended way for intubation. It was known by 49% of respondents that ventilator circuits should be changed for each new patient. Heat and moisture exchangers were checked as the recommended type of humidifier by 55% of respondents, but only 13% knew that it is recommended to change them once weekly. Closed suctioning systems were identified as recommended by 17% of respondents, and 20% knew that these must be changed for each new patient only. Sixty percent and 49%, respectively, recognized subglottic drainage and kinetic beds to reduce the incidence of VAP. Semi-recumbent positioning is well known to prevent VAP (90%). The average knowledge level was higher among more experienced nurses (> 1 year experience) and those holding a special degree in emergency and intensive care.
Conclusion
Nurses lack knowledge regarding recommendations for VAP prevention. Nurses' schooling and continuing education should include support from current evidence-based guidelines.
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Introduction
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) leads to a considerable excess in morbidity and mortality, and to a significant economic burden [1–5]. Prevention of VAP focuses primarily on avoiding microaspiration of subglottic secretions, preventing oropharyngeal colonization with exogenous pathogens, and contamination of ventilator equipment. Although research efforts have been undertaken to determine the value of numerous preventive measures, interpretation of the results is not always obvious [6]. There may be flaws in the study design and results from different studies may not be concordant. The positive effect of preventive measures may decrease with length of time at risk. Moreover, continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions has a favorable effect on the incidence of early onset VAP, but the effects on late-onset VAP are less convincing [7–9]. Also, preventive measures may be effective, but are too expensive, for general implementation [10–12]. In response to the complexity of the issue, studies of expert panels have resulted in evidence-based guidelines [2, 10].
Surveys evaluating compliance of practices with the recommendations have been published [13–16]. Yet, to our knowledge, surveys evaluating knowledge of guidelines for VAP prevention by means of a knowledge test have not been performed. While knowledge does not insure adherence, a lack of knowledge may be a barrier to adherence.
This study aimed to determine intensive care nurses' knowledge of evidence-based recommendations for VAP prevention.
Materials and methods
A multiple-choice questionnaire was developed [17], following the evidence-based VAP prevention guidelines by Dodek et al. [10]. Selection of items was limited to significant strategies for nursing practice and adapted to an expert validation panel's comments [17].
Demographic data gathered were gender, years of experience in an intensive care unit (ICU), number of critical beds in the hospital where respondents are put to work, and whether they hold a degree in emergency and intensive care. This degree can be achieved after the basic 3-year nursing education (Bachelor degree) and is acknowledged as a Bachelor-after-Bachelor degree. Although it is not obligatory to hold this degree to work in a Flemish ICU, it is strongly promoted by hospital directors since ICU licenses depend on a minimum number of nurses employed who hold this special degree (50%).
The questionnaire was distributed during the annual congress of the Flemish Society for Critical Care Nurses (Ghent, 25 November 2005) and presented plenary by a Board member. The contextual framework was explained and some time was provided to fill in the demographic data. Then, each question was read aloud while projected in the congress hall. Thirty seconds were left between two questions. Finally, the questionnaires were collected immediately after this procedure.
Continuous variables are described as median (interquartile range). Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used as appropriate. Relationships between total scores and demographic data were assessed using linear regression analysis. Variables with p < 0.15 were stepwise removed from the regression model. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows 12.0.0 (SPSS, Chicago, Ill.).
Results
Of the 855 registered participants of the congress, 638 completed the questionnaire (74.6%). Most respondents were female (n = 472; 74.0%). About one-quarter (n = 153; 24.0%) had < 1 year of ICU experience, 111 (17.4%) 1–5 years, 100 (15.7%) 6–10 years, and 274 (43.0%) > 10 years. A majority (n = 274; 42.9%) worked in a hospital with > 15 ICU beds, 177 (27.7%) with 8–15 beds, and 104 (16.3%) with < 8 beds. A degree in emergency and critical care was held by 68% (n = 437) of respondents. Nurses from 91 ICUs attended the congress.
The questionnaire and nurses' answers are shown in Table 1. Average scores according to respondents' characteristics are demonstrated in Table 2. The average score was 3.7 on nine questions (41.2%). No substantial differences were found between males and females, nor did the number of beds affect the results. Nurses with < 1 year experience performed worse than nurses with > 1 year experience. Nurses holding the degree had significantly better scores than those not holding it. Linear regression analysis identified years of experience (per class increase) and degree to be independently associated with better knowledge (Table 3).
Discussion
We evaluated Flemish nurses' knowledge of VAP guidelines. Overall the results were poor. Our results can be compared with four previously published reports [13–16]. Rello et al. distributed a questionnaire in 22 countries to indicate whether practices were according to a recent review article, thus identifying barriers to physicians' adherence to guidelines [14, 18]. The study by Heyland et al. described the use of strategies for VAP prevention prior to publication of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group's guidelines [13]. In the survey by Sierra et al., practices on prevention and diagnosis of VAP were explored among physicians in 28 Spanish ICUs [16]. The study by Ricart et al. is the only one focussing on nursing adherence to VAP guidelines [15]. The most important difference between our study and those reporting care practices [13–16] is that our questionnaire was designed to measure knowledge. Nevertheless, we assume that our results also reflect, at least to some extent, practice in Flemish ICUs.
Sierra et al. found that in 75% of the ICUs ventilator circuits were changed every 72 h or later [16]. This is in accordance with our findings where nurses indicated to change circuits weekly or later in 76% of respondents. Fifty-five percent of our respondents identified heat and moisture exchangers as the recommended type of airway humidification. In the studies by Heyland et al [13], Ricart et al [15], and Sierra et al. [16], respectively, 80, 84, and 96% of the respondents used heat and moisture exchangers.
It is recommended to change airway humidification systems weekly or when clinically indicated [10]. Only 12% of our respondents were aware of this recommendation, suggesting that, in daily practice, humidification systems are changed too frequently. Also in the studies by Rello et al [14] and Ricart et al. [15], heat and moisture exchangers were changed on a daily basis in 59 and 75%, respectively.
In our survey only 17% of respondents recognized closed systems as recommended. In Canada closed suction systems are used in 88% of the ICUs, whereas in Spain open tracheal suctioning was reported in 96% of the ICUs [13, 16]. In Flanders, closed suction systems are not commonly used, and thus the results of our survey reflect nurses' unfamiliarity with those systems.
Sixty percent of respondents knew that draining subglottic secretions decreases the risk for pneumonia. The beneficial effect of kinetic beds was recognized by about half of the nurses; however, for these two issues, 28 and 31% of nurses, respectively, reported not to know the answer, which suggests that these strategies are seldom used in Flemish ICUs. Finally, in our survey semi-recumbent positioning was well acknowledged to prevent VAP [13–16].
Generally, more experienced nurses had a higher knowledge level than those with < 1 year experience. The knowledge level among nurses holding a special degree was also higher (Table 2). After adjustment for years of ICU experience, the advantage of the special degree remained significant (Table 3).
Our findings demonstrate that nurses' awareness about VAP guidelines is low, and stress the need for thorough education based on current recommendations. One might question the importance of pure knowledge versus degree of application in practice. We believe that thorough understanding of the recommended strategies supports adherence and overcomes potential barriers as previously identified [14, 15]. Additionally, increasing the average level of knowledge has been the first step in successful multifaceted educational programs [19, 20]. Guidelines themselves only have a limited impact on changing behavior [15]. Within institutions, efforts must be taken to organize educational programs to fine-tune practice with guidelines. The favorable value of such programs has been demonstrated [19, 20].
As with all surveys, the present study suffers from selection bias. Individuals with a higher interest in the topic are more likely to participate. Moreover, the questionnaire was distributed at the annual congress of the Flemish Society for Critical Care Nurses. Nurses attending congresses might be more skilled or motivated; however, this bias is limited by the fact that the federal government requests at least 16 h of education yearly to maintain the degree.
Also knowledge of recommendations does not necessarily reflect practice. Nurses may change ventilator circuits for every new patient, not knowing this is a guideline. Furthermore, no weights were linked to the different strategies' relative importance. For example, supine positioning can be considered as a higher risk for VAP than changes of heat and moisture exchangers per 48 h. In this way, the higher scores achieved for patient positioning and subglottic secretions drainage are in favor of the study population.
This study is a preliminary investigation in a strict geographical region. Its results cannot be extrapolated. A multi-country study should be conducted to draw more general conclusions.
Despite the geographical restriction, our major strength is the large sample size. We collected 638 questionnaires. The number of Flemish ICU nurses being approximately 3000, our sample covers > 20% of potential respondents.
In conclusion, Flemish nurses' knowledge of VAP prevention guidelines is low. Their education should include supplementary support from current evidence-based guidelines.
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The authors have written this article on behalf of the Executive Board of the Flemish Society for Critical Care Nurses.
Stijn I. Blot and Sonia Labeau are the joint primary authors.
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Blot, S.I., Labeau, S., Vandijck, D. et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: results of a knowledge test among intensive care nurses. Intensive Care Med 33, 1463–1467 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0705-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0705-0