A history of resuscitation

doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(86)80490-5

Annals of Emergency Medicine

Volume 15, Issue 1, January 1986, Pages 65-72

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(86)80490-5 Get rights and content

Summary

In the 1950s, researchers devised the best methods of ventilation. In the 1960s, a method of maintaining circulation and ventilation simultaneously was introduced. In the 1970s, refinements of the understanding of the mechanisms of blood flow during CPR were defined and were accompanied by an aggressive research effort to identify means to improve brain protection during and after cardiac arrest. It is hoped that the fruits of this work will lead to knowledge of better ways to effect resuscitation and will maximize the quality of life in survivors of cardiac arrest.

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Cited by (28)

Variability in the time to initiation of CPR in continuously monitored pediatric ICUs
2018, Resuscitation
Citation Excerpt :
Resuscitation science has come a long way from its roots where early techniques dating back to the 16th century utilized fire bellows to blow tobacco smoke into the mouths and rectums of the victims as a form of physical stimulation to revive drowning victims [1].
To study the influence of patient characteristics and unit ergonomics and human factors on the time to initiation of CPR.
A single center study of children, 0 to 21 years old, admitted to an ICU who experienced cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) requiring >1 min of chest compressions. Time of CPA was determined by analysis of continuous ECG, plethysmography, arterial blood pressure, and end-tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂) waveforms. Initiation of CPR was identified by the onset of cyclic artifact in the ECG waveform. Patient characteristics and unit ergonomics and human factors were examined including CPA cause, identification on the High-Risk Checklist (HRC), existing monitoring, ICU type, time of day, nursing shift change, and outcome.
The median time from CPA to initiation of CPR was 50.5 s (IQR 26.5 to 127.5) in 36 CPAs. Forty-seven percent of patients experienced time from CPA to initiation of CPR of >1 min. There was no difference in CPA cause, ICU type, time of day, or nursing shift change.
Nearly half of pediatric patients who experienced CPA in an ICU setting did not meet AHA guidelines for early initiation of CPR. This is an opportunity to study the recognition phase of CPA using continuous monitoring data with the aim of improving the understanding of and factors contributing to delays in initiation of CPR.
Reported Resuscitation of a Hypothermic Avalanche Victim With Assisted Ventilation in 1939
2018, Wilderness and Environmental Medicine
Citation Excerpt :
The storm-blocked roads made it impossible to get a doctor quickly for Henry.”2 The Schäfer prone pressure method was the standard means of artificial respiration in the United States from 1908 until about 1951, when it was replaced by the Nielsen arm lift/back pressure technique.3 The fascinating story of how the Schäfer method was adopted as the preferred method of resuscitation by the Royal Society of Medicine, the American Red Cross, and other national organizations is beyond the scope of this article.
We present a historical case of a 12-year-old boy who survived a reported avalanche burial in 1939 in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The boy was completely buried for at least 3 h, head down, at a depth of about 1 m. He was extricated without signs of life and likely hypothermic by his father, who took him to his home. There, the father performed assisted ventilation for 3 hours using the Schäfer method, a historical method of artificial ventilation, without any specific rewarming efforts. The boy recovered neurologically intact. This case illustrates the importance of attempting resuscitation, possibly prolonged, of victims of hypothermia, even those who are apparently dead.
Clinical applications of targeted temperature management
2014, Chest
Targeted temperature management (TTM) has been investigated experimentally and used clinically for over 100 years. The initial rationale for the clinical application of TTM, historically referred to as therapeutic hypothermia, was to decrease the metabolic rate, allowing the injured brain time to heal. Subsequent research demonstrated the temperature dependence of diverse cellular mechanisms including endothelial dysfunction, production of reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis. Consequently, modern use of TTM centers on neuroprotection following focal or global neurologic injury. Despite a solid basic science rationale for applying TTM in a variety of disease processes, including cardiac arrest, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, neonatal ischemic encephalopathy, sepsis-induced encephalopathy, and hepatic encephalopathy, human efficacy data are limited and vary greatly from disease to disease. Ten years ago, two landmark investigations yielded high-quality data supporting the application of TTM in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Additionally, TTM has been demonstrated to improve outcomes for neonatal patients with anoxic brain injury secondary to hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Trials are currently under way, or have yielded conflicting results in, examining the utility of TTM for the treatment of ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and acute myocardial infarction. In this review, we place TTM in historic context, discuss the pathophysiologic rationale for its use, review the general concept of a TTM protocol for the management of brain injury, address some of the common side effects encountered when lowering human body temperature, and examine the data for its use in diverse disease conditions with in-depth examination of TTM for postarrest care and pediatric applications.
Therapeutic hypothermia: Past, present, and future
2008, Chest
Citation Excerpt :
The historical development of TH dates back millennia; however, its use in modern clinical medicine has been documented for the last 200 years.12 The Russian method of resuscitation, described in 1803, consisted of covering a patient with snow hoping for the ROSC.13 TH was used by Baron de Larrey during Napoleon's Russian campaign in 1812 in an effort to preserve injured limbs as well as for its numbing effects during amputation.14
Cardiac arrest causes devastating neurologic morbidity and mortality. The preservation of the brain function is the final goal of resuscitation. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been considered as an effective method for reducing ischemic injury of the brain. The therapeutic use of hypothermia has been utilized for millennia, and over the last 50 years has been routinely employed in the operating room. TH gained recognition in the past 6 years as a neuroprotective agent in victims of cardiac arrest after two large, randomized, prospective clinical trials demonstrated its benefits in the postresuscitation setting. Extensive research has been done at the cellular and molecular levels and in animal models. There are a number of proposed applications of TH, including traumatic brain injury, acute encephalitis, stroke, neonatal hypoxemia, and near-drowning, among others. Several devices are being designed with the purpose of decreasing temperature at a fast and steady rate, and trying to avoid potential complications. This article reviews the historical development of TH, and its current indications, methods of induction, and potential future.
Anton de Haen: The idea of artificial respiration
2007, Resuscitation
Resuscitation in the hospital: Relationship of year and rhythm to outcome
2000, Resuscitation
Objective: determine the frequency of initial rhythms in in-hospital resuscitation and examine its relationship to survival. Assess changes in outcome over time. Methods: retrospective cohort (registry) including all admissions to the Medical Center of Central Georgia in which a resuscitation was attempted between 1 January, 1987 and 31 December, 1996. Results: the registry includes 3327 admissions in which 3926 resuscitations were attempted. Only the first event is reported. There were 961 hospital survivors. Survival increased from 24.2% in 1987 to 33.4% in 1996 (χ²=39.0, df=1, P<0.0001). Survival was affected strongly by initial rhythm (χ²=420.0, df=1, P<0.0001) and decreased from 63.2% for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) to 55.3% for ventricular tachycardia (VT), 51.0% for perfusing rhythms (PER), 34.8% for ventricular fibrillation (VF), 14.3% for pulseless electrical activity (PEA) and 10.0% for asystole (ASYS). PEA was the most frequent rhythm (1180 cases) followed by perfusing (963), asystole (580), VF (459), VT (94) and SVT (38). Discussion: the powerful effect of initial rhythm on survival has been reported in pre-hospital and in-hospital resuscitation. VF is considered the dominant rhythm and generally accounts for the most survivors. We report good outcome for each; however, VF represents only 13.8% of events and 16.7% of survivors. PEA accounts for more survivors (169) than does VF (160). Our improved outcome is partially explained by changes in rhythms, but other institutional variables need to be identified to fully explain the results. Further studies are needed to see if our findings can be sustained or replicated.

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Collective reviewA history of resuscitation

Summary

Med Times Gaz

J Indust Hygiene

Circulation

Am Heart J

Am J Cardiol

Am J Physiol

Am J Med

Br Med J (Clin Res)

AMA Arch Neurol Psych

Ann Emerg Med

Crit Care Med

Arch Neurol

Three Hunterian lectures on the mechanism underlying the various methods of artificial respiration practiced since the foundation of the Royal Humane Society in 1774

Lancet

Three Hunterian lectures on the mechanism underlying the various methods of artificial respiration practiced since the foundation of the Royal Humane Society in 1774

Lancet

Three Hunterian lectures on the mechanism underlying the various methods of artificial respiration practiced since the foundation of the Royal Humane Society in 1774

Lancet

Adventures in Artificial Respiration

A brief history of the methods of resuscitation of the apparently drowned

Johns Hopkins Med J

Application du procede de traction de la langue, ou procede de la langue au traitement de l'asphyxie par les gaz des egouts-deux succes

Bulletin de l'Academie de Medicine

The present status of the problem of resuscitation in cases of electric shock and carbon monoxide poisoning

J Indust Hygiene

Standards and guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiac care (ECC)

JAMA

Historical development of respiratory physiology

Official “edict” by the City of Zurich, Switzerland, 1766 A.D., on the methods of resuscitation to be employed on drowned or asphyxiated persons

Bull Hist Med

Miraculous deliverance of Anne Green: An Oxford case of resuscitation in the seventeenth century

Br Med J (Clin Res)

Asphyxia, its rationale and its remedy

Lancet

Dr. Marshall Hall's method of treatment of asphyxia

Med Times Gaz

Dr. Marshall Hall on asphyxia

Med Times Gaz

The Marshall Hall treatment of apnea

Med Times Gaz

A new method of resuscitating stillborn children and of restoring persons apparently drowned or dead

Br Med J

Resuscitation of the apparently drowned. Report of the committee appointed by the Council of the Royal Society of Medicine to consider the request of the Chief Surgeon to the Metropolitan Police that the Society should pronounce as to the best method to be adopted

The more usual method of artificial respiration, with demonstrations of the “direct method” of the author

Lancet

Inquiry into the phenomena attending death of drowning and the means of promoting resuscitation in the apparently drowned. Report of a committee appointed by the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society

Medicochirurgical Trans

The relative efficiency of certain methods of performing artificial respiration in man

Description of a simple and efficient method of performing artificial respiration in the human subject, especially in cases of drowning, to which is appended instructions for the treatment of the apparently drowned

Medicochirurgical Trans

Artificial respiration in its physiologic aspects

JAMA

Artificial respiration

JAMA

Actuation of the inert diaphragm by a gravity method

Lancet

Collective review
A history of resuscitation