This series discusses errors in neonatology since the 1920s. Three historical periods are defined: the "Hands-Off" years, 1920 to 1950; the "Heroic" years, 1950 to 1970; and the "Experienced" years, 1970 to 2000. In this article, the "Hands-Off" years, we discuss lowered thermal environment, supplemental oxygen, initial thirsting and starving, synthetic vitamin K, SMA formula, and diaper markings.