We assessed the effects of rapid ventilatory rates (60 to 120 breath/min) and high mechanical ventilation pressures (30/5 to 40/10 cm H2O) on lung mechanics and intravascular pressures in 9 paralyzed, sedated rabbits ventilated with a time-cycled, pressure-limited flow generator (Baby bird). Measurements of tidal volume, ventilator line pressure, tracheal pressure, functional residual capacity (FRC), and arterial and venous blood pressures showed that: 68% of the peak pressure developed by the ventilator was transmitted to the trachea at 60 breath/min, 74% at 120 breath/min, and 87% when ventilation pressures were increased to 40/10 cm H2O; when the ventilatory rate and the PEEP were increased, the end-expiratory pressure in the trachea became progressively greater than that indicated on the ventilator pressure gauge; FRC increased when the PEEP and mean tracheal pressure increased; tidal volume and dynamic compliance decreased and minute ventilation increased as ventilatory rate increased; compliance decreased whenever FRC increased, and increased whenever FRC decreased; and there was little effect on mean central venous or arterial pressure. These data indicate that increasing ventilator rates cause gas trapping within the lung. In normal animals, this may interfere with gas exchange and pulmonary blood flow. In abnormal lungs, the gas trapping may increase FRC and improve gas exchange within the lung.