Research ArticleConference Proceedings

Tracheostomy: Epidemiology, Indications, Timing, Technique, and OutcomesDiscussion

Nora H Cheung and Lena M Napolitano
Respiratory Care June 2014, 59 (6) 895-919; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.02971

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Ranes JL,
    2. Gordon SM,
    3. Chen P,
    4. Fatica C,
    5. Hammel J,
    6. Gonzales JP,
    7. Arroliga AC
    . Predictors of long-term mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Med 2006;119(10):897.e13–899.e13.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  2. 2.↵
    1. Holzapfel L,
    2. Chevret S,
    3. Madinier G,
    4. Ohen F,
    5. Demingeon G,
    6. Coupry A,
    7. Chaudet M
    . Influence of long-term oro- or nasotracheal intubation on nosocomial maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia: results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 1993;21(8):1132–1138.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  3. 3.↵
    1. Cavaliere S,
    2. Bezzi M,
    3. Toninelli C,
    4. Foccoli P
    . Management of post-intubation tracheal stenoses using the endoscopic approach. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2007;67(2):73–80.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  4. 4.↵
    1. Heffner JE,
    2. Hess D
    . Tracheostomy management in the chronically ventilated patient. Clin Chest Med 2001;22(1):55–69.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  5. 5.
    1. Nieszkowska A,
    2. Combes A,
    3. Luyt CE,
    4. Ksibi H,
    5. Trouillet JL,
    6. Gibert C,
    7. Chastre J
    . Impact of tracheotomy on sedative administration, sedation level, and comfort of mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 2005;33(11):2527–2533.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. 6.↵
    1. Diehl JL,
    2. El Atrous S,
    3. Touchard D,
    4. Lemaire F,
    5. Brochard L
    . Changes in the work of breathing induced by tracheotomy in ventilator-dependent patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159(2):383–388.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  7. 7.↵
    1. François B,
    2. Clavel M,
    3. Desachy A,
    4. Puyraud S,
    5. Roustan J,
    6. Vignon P
    . Complications of tracheostomy performed in the ICU: subthyroid tracheostomy vs surgical cricothyroidotomy. Chest 2003;123(1):151–158.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  8. 8.↵
    1. Pierson DJ
    . Tracheostomy from A to Z: historical context and current challenges. Respir Care 2005;50(4):473–475.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  9. 9.↵
    1. McClelland RM
    . Tracheostomy: its management and alternatives. Proc R Soc Med 1972;65(4):401–404.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  10. 10.↵
    1. Golzari SE,
    2. Khan ZH,
    3. Ghabili K,
    4. Hosseinzadeh H,
    5. Soleimanpour H,
    6. Azarfarin R,
    7. et al
    . Contributions of Medieval Islamic physicians to the history of tracheostomy. Anesth Analg 2013;116(5):1123–1132.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  11. 11.↵
    1. Goodall EW
    . On infectious diseases and epidemiology in the Hippocratic collection: (Section of the History of Medicine). Proc R Soc Med 1934;27(5):525–534.
    OpenUrl
  12. 12.↵
    1. Jackson C
    . Tracheotomy. Laryngoscope 1909;19:285–290.
    OpenUrl
  13. 13.↵
    1. Lassen HC
    . A preliminary report on the 1952 epidemic of poliomyelitis in Copenhagen with special reference to the treatment of acute respiratory insufficiency. Lancet 1953;1(6749):37–41.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. 14.↵
    1. Wunsch H,
    2. Linde-Zwirble WT,
    3. Angus DC,
    4. Hartman ME,
    5. Milbrandt EB,
    6. Kahn JM
    . The epidemiology of mechanical ventilation use in the United States. Crit Care Med 2010;38(10):1947–1953.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  15. 15.↵
    1. Needham DM,
    2. Bronskill SE,
    3. Sibbald WJ,
    4. Pronovost PJ,
    5. Laupacis A
    . Mechanical ventilation in Ontario, 1992-2000: incidence, survival, and hospital bed utilization of noncardiac surgery adult patients. Crit Care Med 2004;32(7):1504–1509.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  16. 16.↵
    1. Needham DM,
    2. Bronskill SE,
    3. Calinawan JR,
    4. Sibbald WJ,
    5. Pronovost PJ,
    6. Laupacis A
    . Projected incidence of mechanical ventilation in Ontario to 2026: preparing for the aging baby boomers. Crit Care Med 2005;33(3):574–579.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  17. 17.↵
    1. Carson SS,
    2. Cox CE,
    3. Holmes GM,
    4. Howard A,
    5. Carey TS
    . The changing epidemiology of mechanical ventilation: a population-based study. J Intensive Care Med 2006;21(3):173–182.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  18. 18.↵
    Quality of Life After Mechanized Ventilation in the Elderly Study Investigators. Two-month mortality and functional status of critically ill adult patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation. Chest 2002;121(2):549–558.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  19. 19.↵
    1. Owings MF,
    2. Kozak LJ
    . Ambulatory and inpatient procedures in the United States, 1996. National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Health Statistics, 1998. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_13/sr13_139.pdf. Accessed June 14, 2013.
  20. 20.↵
    1. Yu M
    . Tracheostomy patients on the ward: multiple benefits from a multidisciplinary team? Crit Care 2010;14(1):109.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  21. 21.↵
    1. Cox CE,
    2. Carson SS,
    3. Holmes GM,
    4. Howard A,
    5. Carey TS
    . Increase in tracheostomy for prolonged mechanical ventilation in North Carolina, 1993-2002. Crit Care Med 2004;32(11):2219–2226.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  22. 22.↵
    1. De Leyn P,
    2. Bedert L,
    3. Delcroix M,
    4. Depuydt P,
    5. Lauwers G,
    6. Sokolov Y,
    7. et al
    . Tracheotomy: clinical review and guidelines. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007;32(3):412–421.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  23. 23.↵
    1. Rana S,
    2. Pendem S,
    3. Pogodzinski MS,
    4. Hubmayr RD,
    5. Gajic O
    . Tracheostomy in critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80(12):1632–1638.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Freeman BD,
    2. Borecki IB,
    3. Coopersmith CM,
    4. Buchman TG
    . Relationship between tracheostomy timing and duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2005;33(11):2513–2520.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  25. 25.↵
    1. Frutos-Vivar F,
    2. Esteban A,
    3. Apezteguía C,
    4. Anzueto A,
    5. Nightingale P,
    6. González M,
    7. et al
    . Outcome of mechanically ventilated patients who require a tracheostomy. Crit Care Med 2005;33(2):290–298.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  26. 26.↵
    1. Nathens AB,
    2. Rivara FP,
    3. Mack CD,
    4. Rubenfeld GD,
    5. Wang J,
    6. Jurkovich GJ,
    7. Maier RV
    . Variations in rates of tracheostomy in the critically ill trauma patient. Crit Care Med 2006;34(12):2919–2924.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  27. 27.↵
    1. Durbin CG Jr.
    . Early complications of tracheostomy. Respir Care 2005;50(4):511–515.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  28. 28.↵
    1. Epstein SK
    . Late complications of tracheostomy. Respir Care 2005;50(4):542–549.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  29. 29.↵
    1. Freeman BD,
    2. Stwalley D,
    3. Lambert D,
    4. Edler J,
    5. Morris PE,
    6. Medvedev S,
    7. et al
    . High resource utilization does not affect mortality in acute respiratory failure patients managed with tracheostomy. Respir Care 2013;58(11):1863–1872.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  30. 30.↵
    1. Engoren M,
    2. Arslanian-Engoren C,
    3. Fenn-Buderer N
    . Hospital and long-term outcome after tracheostomy for respiratory failure. Chest 2004;125(1):220–227.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  31. 31.
    1. Combes A,
    2. Luyt CE,
    3. Nieszkowska A,
    4. Trouillet JL,
    5. Gibert C,
    6. Chastre J
    . Is tracheostomy associated with better outcomes for patients requiring long-term mechanical ventilation? Crit Care Med 2007; 35(3):802–807.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  32. 32.
    1. Clec'h C,
    2. Alberti C,
    3. Vincent F,
    4. Garrouste-Orgeas M,
    5. de Lassence A,
    6. Toledano D,
    7. et al
    . Tracheostomy does not improve the outcome of patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation: a propensity analysis. Crit Care Med. 2007; 35(1):132–138.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  33. 33.↵
    1. Rumbak MJ,
    2. Newton M,
    3. Truncale T,
    4. Schwartz SW,
    5. Adams JW,
    6. Hazard PB
    . A prospective, randomized, study comparing early percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy to prolonged translaryngeal intubation (delayed tracheostomy) in critically ill medical patients. Crit Care Med 2004;32(8):1689–1694.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  34. 34.↵
    1. Scales DC,
    2. Thiruchelvam D,
    3. Kiss A,
    4. Redelmeier DA
    . The effect of tracheostomy timing during critical illness on long-term survival. Crit Care Med 2008;36(9):2547–2557.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  35. 35.↵
    1. Terragni PP,
    2. Antonelli M,
    3. Fumagalli R,
    4. Faggiano C,
    5. Berardino M,
    6. Pallavicini FB,
    7. et al
    . Early vs late tracheotomy for prevention of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;303(15):1483–1489.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  36. 36.↵
    1. Young D,
    2. Harrison DA,
    3. Cuthbertson BH,
    4. Rowan K
    . TracMan Collaborators. Effect of early vs late tracheostomy placement on survival in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: the TracMan randomized trial. JAMA 2013;309(20):2121–2129.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  37. 37.↵
    1. Bittner EA,
    2. Schmidt UH
    . The ventilator liberation process: Update on technique, timing and termination of tracheostomy. Respir Care 2012;57(10):1626–1634.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  38. 38.↵
    1. Durbin CG
    . Tracheostomy: why, when and how? Respir Care 2010;55(8):1056–1068.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  39. 39.↵
    1. Plummer AL,
    2. Gracey DR
    . Consensus conference on artificial airways in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest 1989;96(1):178–1780.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  40. 40.↵
    1. Freeman BD,
    2. Morris PE
    . Tracheostomy practice in adults with acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 2012;40(10):2890–2896.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  41. 41.↵
    1. Arabi YM,
    2. Alhashemi JA,
    3. Tamim HM,
    4. Esteban A,
    5. Haddad SH,
    6. Dawood A,
    7. et al
    . The impact of time to tracheostomy on mechanical ventilation duration, length of stay, and mortality in intensive care unit patients. J Crit Care 2009;24(3):435–440.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  42. 42.↵
    1. Beltrame F,
    2. Zussino M,
    3. Martinez B,
    4. Dibartolomeo S,
    5. Saltarini M,
    6. Vetrugno L,
    7. et al
    . Percutaneous versus surgical bedside tracheostomy in the intensive care unit: a cohort study. Minerva Anestesiol 2008;74(10):529–535.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  43. 43.↵
    1. Möller MG,
    2. Slaikeu JD,
    3. Bonelli P,
    4. Davis AT,
    5. Hoogeboom JE,
    6. Bonnell BW
    . Early tracheostomy versus late tracheostomy in the surgical intensive care unit. Am J Surg 2005;189(3):293–296.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  44. 44.↵
    1. Olton S,
    2. Hariharan S,
    3. Chen D
    . Outcome evaluation of patients requiring tracheostomy in an intensive care unit in Trinidad. West Indian Med J 2009;58(2):173–178.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  45. 45.
    1. Zheng Y,
    2. Sui F,
    3. Chen XK,
    4. Zhang GC,
    5. Wang XW,
    6. Zhao S,
    7. et al
    . Early versus late percutaneous dilational tracheostomy in critically ill patients anticipated requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. Chin Med J 2012;125(11):1925–1930.
    OpenUrl
  46. 46.↵
    1. Hsu CL,
    2. Chen KY,
    3. Chang CH,
    4. Jerng JS,
    5. Yu CJ,
    6. Yang PC
    . Timing of tracheostomy as a determinant of weaning success in critically ill patients: a retrospective study. Crit Care 2005;9(1):R46–R52.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  47. 47.↵
    1. Rodriguez JL,
    2. Steinberg SM,
    3. Luchetti FA,
    4. Gibbons KJ,
    5. Taheri PA,
    6. Flint LM
    . Early tracheostomy for primary airway management in the surgical critical care setting. Surgery 1990;108(4):655–659.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  48. 48.
    1. Saffle JR,
    2. Morris SE,
    3. Edelman L
    . Early tracheostomy does not improve outcome in burn patients. J Burn Care Rehabil 2002;23(6):431–438.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  49. 49.↵
    1. Bouderka MA,
    2. Fakhir B,
    3. Bouaggad A,
    4. Hmamouchi B,
    5. Hamoudi D,
    6. Harti A
    . Early tracheostomy versus prolonged endotracheal intubation in severe head injury. J Trauma 2004;57(2):251–254.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  50. 50.↵
    1. Griffiths J,
    2. Barber VS,
    3. Morgan L,
    4. Young JD
    . Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of the timing of tracheostomy in adult patients undergoing artificial ventilation. BMJ 2005;330(7502):1243.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  51. 51.↵
    1. Fartoukh M,
    2. Maitre B,
    3. Honoré S,
    4. Cerf C,
    5. Zahar JR,
    6. Brun-Buisson C
    . Diagnosing pneumonia during mechanical ventilation: the clinical pulmonary infection score revisited. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168(2):173–179.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  52. 52.↵
    1. Griggs WM,
    2. Myburgh JA,
    3. Worthley LI
    . A prospective comparison of a percutaneous tracheostomy technique with standard surgical tracheostomy. Intensive Care Med 1991;17(5):261–263.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  53. 53.↵
    1. Frova G,
    2. Quintel M
    . A new simple method for percutaneous tracheostomy: controlled rotating dilation: a preliminary report. Intensive Care Med 2002;28(3):299–303.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  54. 54.↵
    1. Napolitano LM
    . Use of severity scoring and stratification factors in clinical trials of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51(Suppl 1):S67–S80.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  55. 55.↵
    1. Lauzier F,
    2. Ruest A,
    3. Cook D,
    4. Dodek P,
    5. Albert M,
    6. Shorr AF,
    7. et al
    . The value of pretest probability and modified clinical pulmonary infection score to diagnose ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Crit Care 2008;23(1):50–57.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  56. 56.↵
    1. Barquist ES,
    2. Amortegui J,
    3. Hallal A,
    4. Giannotti G,
    5. Whinney R,
    6. Alzamel H,
    7. MacLeod J
    . Tracheostomy in ventilator dependent trauma patients: a prospective, randomized intention-to-treat study. J Trauma 2006;60(1):91–97.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  57. 57.
    1. Blot F,
    2. Similowski T,
    3. Trouillet JL,
    4. Chardon P,
    5. Korach JM,
    6. Costa MA,
    7. et al
    . Early tracheotomy versus prolonged endotracheal intubation in unselected severely ill ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 2008;34(10):1779–1787.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  58. 58.↵
    1. Trouillet JL,
    2. Luyt CE,
    3. Guiguet M,
    4. Ouattara A,
    5. Vaissier E,
    6. Makri R,
    7. et al
    . Early percutaneous tracheotomy versus prolonged intubation of mechanically ventilated patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2011;154(6):373–383.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  59. 59.↵
    1. Wang F,
    2. Wu Y,
    3. Bo L,
    4. Lou J,
    5. Zhu J,
    6. Chen F,
    7. et al
    . The timing of tracheotomy in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest 2011;140(6):1456–1465.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  60. 60.↵
    1. Dunham CM,
    2. LaMonica C
    . Prolonged tracheal intubation in the trauma patient. J Trauma 1984;24(2):120–124.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  61. 61.↵
    1. Gomes Silva BN,
    2. Andriolo RB,
    3. Saconato H,
    4. Atallah AN,
    5. Valente O
    . Early versus late tracheostomy for critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;3:CD007271.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  62. 62.↵
    Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Acute Inpatient PPS: list of final MSDRGs, relative weighting factors and geometric and arithmetic mean length of stay. http://www.cms.gov/medicare/medicare-fee-for-service-payment/acuteinpatientpps/fy-2013-ipps-final-rule-home-page-items/fy2013-final-rule-tables.html. Accessed April 24, 2013.
  63. 63.↵
    1. Arabi Y,
    2. Haddad S,
    3. Shirawi N,
    4. Al Shimemeri A
    . Early tracheostomy in intensive care trauma patients improves resource utilization: a cohort study and literature review. Crit Care 2004;8(5):R347–R352.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  64. 64.↵
    1. Schauer JM,
    2. Engle LL,
    3. Maugher DT,
    4. Cherry RA
    . Does acuity matter? Optimal timing of tracheostomy stratified by injury severity. J Trauma 2009;66(1):220–225.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  65. 65.↵
    1. Ahmed N,
    2. Kuo YH
    . Early versus late tracheostomy in patients with severe traumatic head injury. Surg Infect 2007;8(3):343–347.
    OpenUrl
  66. 66.↵
    1. Pinheiro Bdo V,
    2. Tostes Rde O,
    3. Brum CI,
    4. Carvalho EV,
    5. Pinto SP,
    6. Oliveira JC
    . [Early versus late tracheostomy in patients with acute severe brain injury]. J Bras Pneumol 2010;36(1):84–91. Article in Portuguese.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  67. 67.↵
    1. Rizk EB,
    2. Patel AS,
    3. Stetter CM,
    4. Chinchilli VM,
    5. Cockroft KM
    . Impact of tracheostomy timing on outcome after severe head injury. Neurocrit Care 2011;15(3):481–489.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  68. 68.↵
    1. Romero J,
    2. Vari A,
    3. Gambarrutta C,
    4. Oliviero A
    . Tracheostomy timing in traumatic spinal cord injury. Eur Spine J 2009;18(10):1452–1457.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  69. 69.↵
    1. Ganuza JR,
    2. Garcia Forcada A,
    3. Gambarrutta C,
    4. Diez De La Lastra Buigues E,
    5. Merlo Gonzalez VE,
    6. Paz Fuentes F,
    7. Luciani AA
    . Effect of technique and timing of tracheostomy in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury undergoing mechanical ventilation. J Spinal Cord Med 2011;34(1):76–84.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  70. 70.↵
    1. Jeon YT,
    2. Hwang JW,
    3. Lim YJ,
    4. Lee SY,
    5. Woo KI,
    6. Park HP
    . Effect of tracheostomy timing on clinical outcome in neurosurgical patients: early versus late tracheostomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2014;26(1):22–26.
    OpenUrl
  71. 71.↵
    Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf. Timing of dilation tracheostomy in mechanically ventilated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed June 14, 2013.
  72. 72.↵
    1. Delaney A,
    2. Bagshaw SM,
    3. Nalos M
    . Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy versus surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2006;10(2):R55.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  73. 73.↵
    1. Kong MS,
    2. Brietzke SE,
    3. Schindler JS,
    4. Bliznikas D,
    5. Baredes S,
    6. Close LG,
    7. et al
    . Percutaneous tracheotomy treatment and management. Medscape from WebMD. Updated July 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/866567-treatment#a1133. Accessed March 13, 2014.
  74. 74.↵
    1. Durbin CG Jr.
    . Techniques for performing tracheostomy. Respir Care 2005;50(4):488–496.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  75. 75.↵
    1. Higgins KM,
    2. Punthakee X
    . Meta-analysis comparison of open versus percutaneous tracheostomy. Laryngoscope 2007;117(3):447–454.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  76. 76.↵
    1. Cabrini L,
    2. Monti G,
    3. Landoni G,
    4. Biondi-Zoccai G,
    5. Boroli F,
    6. Mamo D,
    7. et al
    . Percutaneous tracheostomy, a systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2012;56(3):270–281.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  77. 77.↵
    1. Patel PB,
    2. Ferguson C,
    3. Patel A
    . A comparison of two single dilator percutaneous tracheostomy sets: the Blue Rhino and the ULTRAperc. Anaesthesia 2006;61(2):182–186.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  78. 78.↵
    1. Majeed A,
    2. Kannan S
    . Brief report: diametrical differences between Blue-Rhino kit loading dilators and percutaneous tracheostomy tubes. Anaesth Pain Intensive Care. http://www.apicareonline.com/?p=892. Accessed April 4, 2014.
  79. 79.↵
    1. Gromann TW,
    2. Birkelbach O,
    3. Hetzer R
    . [Ballon dilatational tracheostomy. Technique and first clinical experience with the Ciaglia Blue Dolphin method]. Chirurg 2009;80(7):622–627. Article in German.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  80. 80.↵
    1. Yurtseven N,
    2. Aydemir B,
    3. Karaca P,
    4. Aksoy T,
    5. Komurcu G,
    6. Kurt M,
    7. et al
    . PercuTwist: a new alternative to Griggs and Ciaglia's techniques. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007;24(6):492–497.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  81. 81.↵
    1. Al Dawood A,
    2. Haddad S,
    3. Arabi Y,
    4. Dabbagh O,
    5. Cook DJ
    . The safety of percutaneous tracheostomy in patients with coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia. Middle East J Anesthesiol 2007;19(1):37–49.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  82. 82.
    1. Auzinger G,
    2. O'Callaghan GP,
    3. Bernal W,
    4. Sizer E,
    5. Wendon JA
    . Percutaneous tracheostomy in patients with severe liver disease and a high incidence of refractory coagulopathy: a prospective trial. Crit Care 2007;11(5):R110.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  83. 83.↵
    1. Kluge S,
    2. Meyer A,
    3. Kühnelt P,
    4. Baumann HJ,
    5. Kreymann G
    . Percutaneous tracheostomy is safe in patients with severe thrombocytopenia. Chest 2004;126(2):547–551.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  84. 84.↵
    1. Byhahn C,
    2. Lischke V,
    3. Meininger D,
    4. Halbig S,
    5. Westphal K
    . Peri-operative complications during percutaneous tracheostomy in obese patients. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):12–15.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  85. 85.
    1. Aldawood AS,
    2. Arabi YM,
    3. Haddad S
    . Safety of percutaneous tracheostomy in obese critically ill patients: a prospective cohort study. Anaesth Intensive Care 2008;36(1):69–73.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  86. 86.
    1. Romero CM,
    2. Cornejo RA,
    3. Ruiz MH,
    4. Gálvez LR,
    5. Llanos OP,
    6. Tobar EA,
    7. et al
    . Fiberoptic bronchoscopy-assisted percutaneous tracheostomy is safe in obese critically ill patients: a prospective and comparative study. J Crit Care 2009;24(4):494–500.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  87. 87.
    1. Heyrosa MG,
    2. Melniczek DM,
    3. Rovito P,
    4. Nicholas GG
    . Percutaneous tracheostomy: a safe procedure in the morbidly obese. J Am Coll Surg 2006;202(4):618–622.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  88. 88.↵
    1. Blankenship DR,
    2. Kulbersh BD,
    3. Gourin CG,
    4. Blanchard AR,
    5. Terris DJ
    . High-risk tracheostomy: exploring the limits of the percutaneous tracheostomy. Laryngoscope 2005;115(6):987–989.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  89. 89.↵
    1. Rosseland LA,
    2. Laake JH,
    3. Stubhaug A
    . Percutaneous dilatational tracheotomy in intensive care unit patients with increased bleeding risk or obesity. A prospective analysis of 1000 procedures. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011;55(7):835–841.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  90. 90.↵
    1. Bowen CP,
    2. Whitney LR,
    3. Truwit JD,
    4. Durbin CG,
    5. Moore MM
    . Comparison of safety and cost of percutaneous versus surgical tracheostomy. Am Surg 2001;67(1):54–60.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  91. 91.
    1. Cobean R,
    2. Beals M,
    3. Moss C,
    4. Bredenberg CE
    . Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. A safe, cost-effective bedside procedure. Arch Surg 1996;131(3):265–271.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  92. 92.↵
    1. Freeman BD,
    2. Isabella K,
    3. Cobb JP,
    4. Boyle WA 3rd.,
    5. Schmieg RE Jr..,
    6. Kolleff MH,
    7. et al
    . A prospective, randomized study comparing percutaneous with surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2001;29(5):926–930.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  93. 93.↵
    1. O'Connor HH,
    2. White AC
    . Tracheostomy decannulation. Respir Care 2010;55(8):1076–1081.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  94. 94.↵
    1. Mitchell RB,
    2. Hussey HM,
    3. Setzen G,
    4. Jacobs IN,
    5. Nussenbaum B,
    6. Dawson C,
    7. Brown CA 3rd.,
    8. Brandt C,
    9. Deakins K,
    10. Hartnick C,
    11. Merati A
    . Clinical consensus statement: tracheostomy care. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013;148(1):6–20.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  95. 95.↵
    1. Rudas M,
    2. Seppelt I
    . Safety and efficacy of ultrasonography before and during percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in adult patients: a systematic review. Crit Care Resusc 2012;14(4):297–301.
    OpenUrl
  96. 96.↵
    1. Rajajee V,
    2. Fletcher JJ,
    3. Rochlen LR,
    4. Jacobs TL
    . Real-time ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: a feasibility study. Crit Care 2011;15(1):R67.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  97. 97.↵
    1. Tremblay LN,
    2. Scales DC
    . Ultrasound-guided tracheostomy–not for the many, but perhaps the few or the one. Crit Care 2011;15(2):147.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  98. 98.↵
    1. Guinot PG,
    2. Zogheib E,
    3. Petiot S,
    4. Marienne JP,
    5. Guerin AM,
    6. Monet P,
    7. et al
    . Ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy in critically ill obese patients. Crit Care 2012;16(2):R40.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  99. 99.↵
    1. Tobin AE,
    2. Santamaria JD
    . An intensivist-led tracheostomy review team is associated with shorter decannulation time and length of stay: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2008;12(2):R48.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  100. 100.↵
    1. Mirski MA,
    2. Pandian V,
    3. Bhatti N,
    4. Haut E,
    5. Feller-Kopman D,
    6. Morad A,
    7. et al
    . Safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary percutaneous tracheostomy program. Crit Care Med 2012;40(6):1827–1834.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  101. 101.↵
    1. McGrath BA,
    2. Bates L,
    3. Atkinson D,
    4. Moore JA
    . Multidisciplinary guidelines for the management of tracheostomy and laryngectomy airway emergencies. Anaesthesia 2012;67:1025–1041.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
Back to top

In this issue

 

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools

Jump to section

Related Articles

Cited By...

Keywords