The Association Between Ventilatory Ratio and Mortality in Children and Young Adults

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Ghuman AK,
   2. Newth CJ,
   3. Khemani RG

   . The association between the end tidal alveolar dead space fraction and mortality in pediatric acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012;13(1):11-15.

   OpenUrlPubMed
2. 2.↵
   1. Bhalla AK,
   2. Belani S,
   3. Leung D,
   4. Newth CJ,
   5. Khemani RG

   . Higher dead space is associated with increased mortality in critically ill children. Crit Care Med 2015;43(11):2439-2445.

   OpenUrl
3. 3.
   1. Nuckton TJ,
   2. Alonso JA,
   3. Kallet RH,
   4. Daniel BM,
   5. Pittet JF,
   6. Eisner MD,
   7. et al

   . Pulmonary dead-space fraction as a risk factor for death in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002;346(17):1281-1286.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
4. 4.
   1. Raurich JM,
   2. Vilar M,
   3. Colomar A,
   4. Ibanez J,
   5. Ayestaran I,
   6. Perez-Barcena J,
   7. et al

   . Prognostic value of the pulmonary dead-space fraction during the early and intermediate phases of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care 2010;55(3):282-287.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
5. 5.↵
   1. Kallet RH,
   2. Zhuo H,
   3. Liu KD,
   4. Calfee CS,
   5. Matthay MA

   , National Heart Lung and Blood Institute ARDS Network Investigators. The association between physiologic dead-space fraction and mortality in subjects with ARDS enrolled in a prospective multi-center clinical trial. Respir Care 2014;59(11):1611-1618.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
6. 6.↵
   1. Khemani RG,
   2. Smith LS,
   3. Zimmerman JJ,
   4. Erickson S

   , Pediatric Acute Lung Injury C. Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: definition, incidence, and epidemiology: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015;16(5 Suppl 1):S23-S40.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   1. Ranieri VM,
   2. Rubenfeld GD,
   3. Thompson BT,
   4. Ferguson ND,
   5. Caldwell E,
   6. Fan E,
   7. et al

   . Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA 2012;307(23):2526-2533.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
8. 8.↵
   1. Tusman G,
   2. Sipmann FS,
   3. Bohm SH

   . Rationale of dead space measurement by volumetric capnography. Anesth Analg 2012;114(4):866-874.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
9. 9.↵
   1. Bhalla AK,
   2. Rubin S,
   3. Newth CJ,
   4. Ross P,
   5. Morzov R,
   6. Soto-Campos G,
   7. et al

   . Monitoring dead space in mechanically ventilated children: volumetric capnography versus time-based capnography. Respir Care 2015;60(11):1548-1555.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
10. 10.↵
    1. Sinha P,
    2. Fauvel NJ,
    3. Singh P,
    4. Soni N

    . Analysis of ventilatory ratio as a novel method to monitor ventilatory adequacy at the bedside. Crit Care 2013;17(1):R34.

    OpenUrlPubMed
11. 11.
    1. Sinha P,
    2. Fauvel NJ,
    3. Singh S,
    4. Soni N

    . Ventilatory ratio: a simple bedside measure of ventilation. Br J Anaesth 2009;102(5):692-697.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
12. 12.↵
    1. Sinha P,
    2. Singh S,
    3. Hardman JG,
    4. Bersten AD,
    5. Soni N

    . Evaluation of the physiological properties of ventilatory ratio in a computational cardiopulmonary model and its clinical application in an acute respiratory distress syndrome population. Br J Anaesth 2014;112(1):96-101.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
13. 13.↵
    1. Sinha P,
    2. Calfee CS,
    3. Beitler JR,
    4. Soni N,
    5. Ho K,
    6. Matthay MA,
    7. et al

    . Physiologic analysis and clinical performance of the ventilatory ratio in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019;199(3):333-341.

    OpenUrl
14. 14.↵
    1. Pollack MM,
    2. Patel KM,
    3. Ruttimann UE

    . PRISM III: an updated Pediatric Risk of Mortality score. Crit Care Med 1996;24(5):743-752.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. 15.↵
    1. Numa AH,
    2. Newth CJ

    . Anatomic dead space in infants and children. J Appl Physiol 1996;80(5):1485-1489.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
16. 16.↵
    1. Smallwood CD,
    2. Walsh BK,
    3. Bechard LJ,
    4. Mehta NM

    . Carbon dioxide elimination and oxygen consumption in mechanically ventilated children. Respir Care 2015;60(5):718-723.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
17. 17.↵
    1. Fleming S,
    2. Thompson M,
    3. Stevens R,
    4. Heneghan C,
    5. Plüddemann A,
    6. Maconochie I,
    7. et al

    . Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: a systematic review of observational studies. Lancet 2011;377(9770):1011-1018.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
18. 18.↵
    1. Kerr AA

    . Dead space ventilation in normal children and children with obstructive airways diease. Thorax 1976;31(1):63-69.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
19. 19.↵
    1. Khemani RG,
    2. Thomas NJ,
    3. Venkatachalam V,
    4. Scimeme JP,
    5. Berutti T,
    6. Schneider JB,
    7. et al

    . Comparison of SpO2 to PaO2 based markers of lung disease severity for children with acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2012;40(4):1309-1316.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. 20.↵
    1. Dowell JC,
    2. Parvathaneni K,
    3. Thomas NJ,
    4. Khemani RG,
    5. Yehya N

    . Epidemiology of cause of death in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2018;46(11):1811-1819.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
21. 21.↵
    1. Yehya N,
    2. Harhay MO,
    3. Curley MAQ,
    4. Schoenfeld DA,
    5. Reeder RW

    . Reappraisal of ventilator-free days in critical care research. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019;200(7):828-836.

    OpenUrl
22. 22.↵
    1. Fine JP,
    2. Gray RJ

    . A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc 1999;94(446):496-509.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
23. 23.↵
    1. Greenspan JS,
    2. Abbasi S,
    3. Bhutani VK

    . Sequential changes in pulmonary mechanics in the very low birth weight (less than or equal to 1000 grams) infant. J Pediatr 1988;113(4):732-737.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
24. 24.↵
    1. Stocks J,
    2. Dezateux CA,
    3. Jackson EA,
    4. Hoo AF,
    5. Costeloe KL,
    6. Wade AM

    . Analysis of tidal breathing parameters in infancy: how variable is TPTEF:TE? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150(5 Pt 1):1347-1354.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. 25.↵
    1. Kim P,
    2. Salazar A,
    3. Ross PA,
    4. Newth CJ,
    5. Khemani RG

    . Comparison of tidal volumes at the endotracheal tube and at the ventilator. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015;16(9):e324-331.

    OpenUrl
26. 26.↵
    1. Ward SL,
    2. Quinn CM,
    3. Steurer MA,
    4. Liu KD,
    5. Flori HR,
    6. Matthay MA

    . Variability in pediatric ideal body weight calculation: implications for lung-protective mechanical ventilation strategies in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018;19(12):e643-e652.

    OpenUrl
27. 27.↵
    1. Rasouli MA,
    2. Newth CJL,
    3. Khemani RG,
    4. Ross PA

    . Predicting body height in a pediatric intensive care unit using ulnar length. Front Pediatr 2018;6:187.

    OpenUrl
28. 28.↵
    1. Kim GJ,
    2. Newth CJL,
    3. Khemani RG,
    4. Wong SL,
    5. Coates AL,
    6. Ross PA

    . Does size matter when calculating the “correct” tidal volume for pediatric mechanical ventilation?: A hypothesis based on FVC. Chest 2018;154(1):77-83.

    OpenUrl
29. 29.↵
    1. Khemani RG,
    2. Rubin S,
    3. Belani S,
    4. Leung D,
    5. Erickson S,
    6. Smith LS,
    7. et al

    . Pulse oximetry vs. PaO2 metrics in mechanically ventilated children: Berlin definition of ARDS and mortality risk. Intensive Care Med 2015;41(1):94-102.

    OpenUrl
30. 30.↵
    1. Fletcher R,
    2. Jonson B,
    3. Cumming G,
    4. Brew J

    . The concept of deadspace with special reference to the single breath test for carbon dioxide. Br J Anaesth 1981;53(1):77-88.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
31. 31.↵
    1. Tusman G,
    2. Sipmann FS,
    3. Borges JB,
    4. Hedenstierna G,
    5. Bohm SH

    . Validation of Bohr dead space measured by volumetric capnography. Intensive Care Med 2011;37(5):870-874.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
32. 32.↵
    1. Bhalla AK,
    2. Khemani RG,
    3. Hotz JC,
    4. Morzov RP,
    5. Newth CJ

    . Accuracy of transcutaneous carbon dioxide levels in comparison to arterial carbon dioxide levels in critically ill children. Respir Care 2019;64(2):201-208.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text